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Abstract of synopsis of research 2000-2001

Abiotic Monitoring and Modelling
Biotic Monitoring
Education and Communication
Human Health
International Policy and Program Management
Local Contaminants Concerns

Abiotic Monitoring and Modelling

New Persistent Chemicals in the Arctic Environment

Project Leader:

Terry F. Bidleman, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Downsview, ON M3H 5T4; Phone: 416-739-5730; Fax: 416-739-5708; E-mail: terry.bidleman@ec.gc.ca Mehran Alaee, National Water Research Institute (NWRI), Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6; Phone: 905-336-4752; Fax: 905-336-6430; E-mail: mehran.alaee@cciw.caGary A. Stern, Freshwater Institute (FWI), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6; Phone: 204-984 6761; Fax: 204-984-2403; E-mail: sterng@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

Project Team:

Paul Helm and Liisa Jantunen, MSC, Downsview, ON;
Bill Strachan, Derek Muir, Mike Comba, Sean Backus, Heidi Karlsson and Christina Cannon, NWRI, Burlington, ON;
Greg Tomy FWI, Winnipeg, MB; Phil Fellin, AirZone, Inc., Mississauga, ON;
Heinrich Hühnerfuss and Robert Gatermann, University of Hamburg, Germany;
Gerhard G. Rimkus, Official Food and Veterinary Institute, Germany;
Eva Brorström-Lundén, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Sweden; Sirkka Juntto, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland

Abstract

This report updates the investigation of new chemicals in the Arctic environment. New chemicals include substances not currently monitored by the Northern Contaminants Program but of potential concern based on known persistence, extent of usage and toxicology. Chemicals in this study include brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), short-chain chloroparaffins (SCCPs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), modern agrochemicals, pesticide enantiomers, synthetic musks (artificial fragrances), chlorinated phenols and haloacetic acids.

Air samples collected at Arctic monitoring stations from January 1994 to January 1995 were analyzed for PCNs, coplanar PCBs (mono- and non-ortho congeners) and polybominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Ranges of Σ PCNs and Σ coplanar PCBs (pg·m^-3) were Alert: 0.11 to 1.03 and 0.03 to 0.19; Dunai: 0.21 to 2.6 and 0.18 to 0.86. Opposite seasonal trends were found for the two compound classes. PCNs were highest in winter, early spring and late fall, and lowest in summer. Coplanar PCBs were elevated in summer and lower in the colder months. PCNs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons show similar seasonality, suggesting that combustion may contribute PCNs to Arctic air. Σ PBDE concentrations (pg·m^-3) ranged between 7 to 72, 11 to 860 and 42 to 2200 for samples collected at Dunai, Alert and Tagish, respectively.

Relatively high concentrations of PBDEs were observed during the summer months at Tagish. This could be attributed to volatilization of PBDEs from recent local incineration of discarded household/commercial items, and/or from re-volatilisation of PBDEs from the soil in the vicinity of the incineration sites. The source of PBDEs in Tagish area will be further investigated in 2001-2002. Concentrations of SCCPs in the Alert air samples were highest in the late summer months. SCCPs levels (pg·m^-3) ranged from 1.07 to 7.25 and were dominated by contributions by the chlorododecanes. The above air samples, and 1998 sets collected in Arctic Finland and at the Swedish west coast, were analyzed for chlordane enantiomers. Trans- and cis-chlordane were non-racemic in the air samples, but racemic in surface water samples collected from the northern Canada Basin in 1994. Non-racemic chlordanes are commonly found in soils. This suggests that the source of chlordane in Arctic air has changed over time, with a greater proportion of “recycled” chlordane in recent years, whereas seawater under the ice cap retains the signature of older chlordane emissions.

PCNs and Σ coplanar PCBs were determined in blubber of beluga from Pangnirtung and ringed seal from Kimmirut, collected in 1994 and 1993, respectively. PCNs ranged from 40 to 384 pg·g^-1 in beluga and 29 to 63 pg·g^-1 in ringed seal; ranges for coplanar PCBs in the two animals were 14 to 394 ng·g^-1 and 15 to 33 ng·g^-1. An assessment of dioxin-like toxic equivalents (TEQs) from these two compound classes showed that, although PCNs were about 500 times less abundant than coplanar PCBs, they contributed 11% of the TEQ. Synthetic musks were determined in ringed seal blubber, Arctic char muscle and blue mussels from the Canadian Arctic, and lake trout from Lake Ontario. All Arctic samples were below the limit of detection (<1 ng·g^-1), except for one seal blubber sample which contained 5 to 12 ng·g^-1 of the polycyclic musks HHCB and HHCB-lactone, and 5 ng·g^-1 of musk ketone, a nitro musk. Lake trout samples contained a wider variety of musks and at generally higher levels.

Key Project Message

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) at Alert and Dunai were elevated in winter, early spring and late fall, and were lowest in summer. Coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) showed the opposite trend, being higher in late spring through early fall, and lower in winter; they were three times higher at Dunai than Alert. The seasonal differences may reflect a greater contribution of combustion sources for PCNs and evaporative sources for coplanar PCBs
Relatively high levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were observed during the summer months at Tagish compared to Alert and Dunai. This might be due to emissions of PBDEs from local incineration.
Short-chain chloroparaffins (SCCPs) at Alert were highest during the late summer months and were dominated by chlorododecanes.
Chlordanes in Arctic air have declined over the last 14 years with times for 50% depletion of 6.1 to 7.7 years. Isomer and enantiomer patterns suggest that “older”chlordane is entering the Arctic atmosphere today, likely derived from soil emissions.
PCNs occur in beluga and ringed seal blubber at concentrations 500 to 1000 times lower than those of coplanar PCBs. Nevertheless, PCNs in beluga contribute 11% of the dioxin-type toxic equivalents due to the sum of both compound classes.
Synthetic musks (perfuming ingredients) were near or below detection limits in ringed seal blubber, Arctic char muscle and blue mussels from northern Quebec and Labrador.

Northern Contaminants Air Monitoring and Interpretation

Project Leader:

Pierrette Blanchard, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), 4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4; Phone: (416) 739-5701; Fax: (416) 793-5708; E-mail: pierrette.blanchard@ec.gc.ca

Project Team:

Hayley Hung and Terry Bidleman, MSC, Downsview, ON;
Phillip Fellin andHenrik Li, AirZone, Mississauga, ON;
Gary Stern, Brian Billeck, Bruno Rosenberg, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB

Abstract

Atmospheric measurements of organochlorines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been conducted at Alert, Nunavut, since 1992. In this study, temporal trends of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides from 1993 to 1997 have been examined. Declining trends were observed for several of the lower PCB congeners reflecting falling levels in source regions and subsequently less material being subject to long-range transport to Alert. No apparent trends were observed for the higher congeners in contrast to southern measurements, except for PCB 180, indicating a lag time for rates of decline between the Arctic and source regions. Most organochlorine pesticides manifested declining trends except the current-use pesticides, such as endosulfan I. From the time series of trans-/cis-chlordane ratios, heptachlor and back trajectory analysis, it can be inferred that sporadic uses of technical chlordane and/or heptachlor in eastern and western Russia and Europe/North Atlantic might have resulted in fresh input into the Arctic atmosphere between 1995 and 1997.

Key Project Message

Some organochlorine (OC) contaminants decreased in the Arctic atmosphere between 1993 and 1997, although more slowly than at sites around the Great Lakes.
Current-use pesticides remained constant or increased.
Specific chemical signatures coupled with air mass origin can be used to infer geographical areas responsible for pesticide usage.
The Arctic atmosphere is still strongly influenced by long-range transport of chemicals from the south and is acting as a sink for OC contaminants.

Spatial Trends in Loadings and Historical inputs of Mercury Inferred from Arctic Lake Sediment Cores

Project Leader:

Venghuot Cheam, National Water Research Institute, Box 5050, Burlington ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 336-4755; Fax: (905) 336-6430; E-mail: ven.cheam@cciw.ca;
Derek Muir, National Water Research Institute, Box 5050, Burlington ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 319-6921; Fax: (905) 336-6430; E-mail: derek.muir@cciw.ca;
Doug Halliwell, Atmospheric Environment Branch, Environment Canada, Yellowknife NT X1A 1E2; Phone: (867) 669-4741; Fax: (867) 873-8185; E-mail: doug.halliwell@ec.gc.ca

Project Team:

Gino Sardella, National Water Research Institute, Burlington ON; John Smol, Queens University, Kingston, ON; Marianne Douglas, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Reinhard Pienitz and Warwick Vincent, Laval University, Québec, QC

Abstract

Historical deposition and fluxes of mercury (Hg) were studied on five sediment cores. The cores were collected from northern Nunavut (Lake Baird Inlet and Lake AXAJ), central Northwest Territories (Lake Rummy and Lake TK-54) and northern Quebec (Lake Oksana). The Hg, iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) data were assessed as a whole in regards to the co-movement of Hg with Fe and Mn during diagenesis. To date, our data indicate no redistribution or co-movement of Hg with Fe and Mn after deposition at the sediment surface, i.e. the Hg depth profiles truly represent the historical deposition of Hg onto the sediment. Recent Hg fluxes are higher than pre-industrial fluxes, resulting in a range of enrichment factors of 1.2 to 2.7, which are in general agreement with those reported by Lockhart et al. (1998, 2000a) in other parts of the Canadian Arctic. Surprisingly, the lead (Pb) profiles for the lakes in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories show no maxima corresponding to the use of leaded gasoline, as opposed to Lake Oksana, which showed a maximum matching the maximum use of alkyl Pb used in fuel.

Key Project Message

Recent mercury (Hg) fluxes are higher than the pre-industrial fluxes.
The Hg enrichment factors range from 1.2 to 2.7.
A definite Hg deposition pattern is not yet obvious in Canada’s North.

The Seasonal Cycle of Organochlorine Concentration in the Canada Basin

Project Leader:

Robie W. Macdonald, Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS), P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2; Phone: (250) 363-6409; Fax: (250) 363-6807; E-mail: macdonaldrob@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca;
Gary Stern, DFO, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6; Phone (204) 984-6761; Fax: (204) 984-2403; E-mail: Sterng@dfo-mpo.gc.ca;
Fiona A. McLaughlin, DFO, IOS, PO Box 6000, Sidney BC V8L 4B2; Phone: (250) 363-6527; Fax: (250) 363-6807; E-mail: mclaughlinf@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.

Project Team:

Eddy Carmack, David Paton, Mary O'Brien and Darren Tuele, DFO, IOS, Sidney BC; Bruno Rosenberg, Dan Savoie and Harold Welch, DFO, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg MB

Abstract

The Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic(SHEA) project has provided a unique opportunity to collect organochlorine data during a complete year in the western Arctic Ocean. Analyses have been completed for air, water and ice, particles, algae, zooplankton (sorted size fractions), invertebrates and fish. Preliminary examination of the data reveals that ocean processes are important contributors to contaminant distributions. In particular, the interior ocean carries a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signature that contains enriched lighter PCBs characteristic of distillation whereas the Chukchi Shelf water appears similar to Arochlor formulations with prominent contribution from the pentaCBs. Pesticides appear to be redistributed in the water column through biological productivity, which removes dieldrin, DDT and chlordane from surface water but releases them again in water below about 100 m during biological regeneration.

Key Project Message

Water entering from the Bering Sea, measured in April 1998, contains an Arochlor 1254 or Sovol-like signature in contrast to the interior water of the Canada Basin which clearly carries a PCB signature containing a “distillation” component favoring the lighter chlorinated biphenyls (CBs).
In contrast to hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), where concentrations are found to decrease from their highest values near the surface to very low values below 200 to 300 m, preliminary data for DDT, dieldrin and chlordane show trends suggestive of vertical transport and enrichment at depths where biological particles regenerate.

Atmospheric Mercury Transport, Oxidation and Fallout in Northern Quebec (Nunavik): an Important Potential Route of Contamination

Project Leader:

Laurier Poissant, Meteorological Service of Canada, Atmospheric Toxic Processes Section, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7; Phone: (514) 283-1140; Fax: (514) 283-8869; E-mail: laurier.poissant@ec.gc.ca

Project Team:

Marc Amyot, Institut national de la recherche scientifique – Eau (INRS-EAU), Sainte-Foy, QC; Michael Kwan, Nunavik Research Centre, Kuujjuaq, QC; Yves Bégin, Centre d’études nordiques, University of Laval, Sainte-Foy, QC

Abstract

Recent observations of mercury and ozone concentrations along Hudson Bay in Kuujjuarapik, Quebec, (latitude 55° N) showed that mercury and ozone depletion events, originally observed in the high Arctic region, appeared at latitudes as low as 55° N. Depletion events were concomitant with large bromine monoxide concentration clouds, such as observed by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment satellite over Hudson Bay. Gaseous mercury speciation, air-snow mercury gas exchange flux measurements, as well as mercury concentrations surveyed in snow during a depletion event suggested that most of the mercury fallout occurring during depletion events is in the particle phase, is labile and very reactive (photo-reducible). Indeed, following a depletion event, mercury concentration in the snow pack increased by up to 1600% of its pre-depletion event concentration, but about 50% of this newly deposited mercury in snow was lost within 12 hours following deposition. It is suggested that freshly deposited mercury is quickly emitted back to the atmosphere through air-snow gas exchange fluxes.

Key Project Message

Mercury (Hg) depletions have been observed in the low Arctic.
Hg fallout occurs during these depletion events.
Hg escapes back partly to the atmosphere after depletions.

Mercury Measurements at Amderma, Russia

Project Leader:

Bill Schroeder, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4; Phone: (416) 739-4839; Fax: (416) 739-4318; E-mail: bill.schroeder@ec.gc.ca

Project Team:

Alexandra Steffen, MSC, Toronto, ON; Phil Fellin, AirZone Inc., Mississauga, ON

Abstract

Mercury in the environment comes from both natural and human-made sources and is found in ambient air in the vapour phase or attached to aerosols. Interest in the study of atmospheric mercury in Arctic environments has grown considerably in the past several years since the discovery of springtime mercury depletion episodes in Alert, Nunavut, and the possible impact that this discovery has on the Arctic environment. Very few, if any, measurements have been made in the Russian Arctic. The measurement of gaseous phase mercury will begin in Amderma, located in the Russian high Arctic, in June 2001. This study, in conjunction with four other polar sites (in Canada, Norway, Denmark and the United States), is intended to assess the not yet fully understood behaviour of mercury in Arctic regions and whether mercury concentration levels are increasing or decreasing. To date, the instrumentation has been installed at the Amderma site, the Russian scientists have been trained on the instrument operation and data is expected beginning June 2001.

Key Project Message

The measurement of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) has been initiated in Amderma, Russia.
Currently, six sites in the Arctic are investigating GEM; the addition of this Russian site will help complete a circumpolar network to measure mercury (Hg) in the Arctic environment.

Mercury Measurements at Alert

Project Leader:

Bill Schroeder, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4; Phone: (416) 738-4839; Fax: (416) 739-4318; E-mail: bill.schroeder@ec.gc.ca

Project Team:

Alexandra Steffen, MSC, Toronto, ON; Phil Fellin, AirZone Inc., Mississauga, ON

Abstract

Atmospheric mercury measurements have been made at Alert, Nunavut since 1995. This study collects baseline gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) data to study spatial and temporal trends of mercury in the Canadian Arctic. Through this project, a significant discovery was made that sparked international interest. It was found that during the springtime, mercury is transformed from the stable species (GEM) to a much shorter-lived, more reactive species that can have a significant impact on the Arctic environment. To date we have annual data from 1995 to 1999 (quality assured and quality controlled) and have collected data from 2000. As in previous years, the annual GEM data showed distinct seasonal patterns. Snow samples were collected during the winter-spring of 2000 and showed concentrations similar to those collected in the previous 2 years. In the winter of 2001, an automated reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate mercury (PM) analyzer was installed at Alert to further study the behaviour of mercury in the Canadian Arctic. This instrument will run for a year and will supply the first continuous annual set of RGM/PM data in the Arctic.

Key Project Message

Atmospheric mercury (Hg) measurements have been made continuously at Alert, Nunavut since 1995 and have shown distinct seasonal patterns.
The study of Hg depletion episodes and their impact on the Arctic environment is continuing. A new instrument to study various mercury species has been installed at Alert.
Snow samples collected at Alert show lower Hg concentrations in the snow during the period when the Arctic receives no sunlight, but significantly increased concentrations once the sun returns in the springtime.
This research group participated in an international study at Alert between January and May, 2000 (Alert 2000), where further studies into the behaviour of Hg during the springtime were undertaken.

Quantifying and Reducing Uncertainty in Model
Calculations of Global Pollutant Fate

Project Leader:

Frank Wania, WECC Wania Environmental Chemists Corp., 27 Wells St., Toronto, ON M5R 1P1; Phone: (416) 516-6542; Fax: (416) 516-7355; E-mail: frank.wania@utoronto.ca

Project Team:

Ying Duan Lei, WECC Wania Environmental Chemists Corp., Toronto, ON; Alexander Wong, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON

Abstract

Current assessment methods for long-range transport potential of organic chemicals rely on the calculation of a characteristic travel distance or spatial range. A complementary approach uses an existing zonally averaged global distribution model to estimate the potential of a chemical to reach, and accumulate in, the Arctic region. The criterion to quantify this Arctic accumulation potential (AAP) is the fraction of the total global amount in environmental surface media that is accumulated in Arctic surface media after a certain time period. The simulations use hypothetical emission estimates with a generic spatial and temporal distribution. We have used this approach to assess the AAP of a multi-dimensional “space” of hypothetical chemical property combinations. The AAP was found to be determined by highly complex interactions and to be dependent on the partition properties, the degradation rates in atmosphere and surface media, and the mode of emission of a chemical.

Key Project Message

The global distribution model can be employed to identify chemical properties and emission situations that favour accumulation in Arctic ecosystems.
The potential of an organic chemical to accumulate in the Arctic is determined by a complex set of processes, but tends to be higher for substances with high volatility (low log K_OA) that neither sorb to organic phase (low log K_OW) nor are very water soluble (high log K_AW), and for substances being emitted into the atmosphere.
A very persistent, involatile, yet water-soluble substance (low log K_AW) has significant potential to accumulate in the Arctic well after emissions have ceased, due to slow oceanic advection.
Model simulations suggest that very hydrophobic compounds (log K_OW > 8) with intermediate volatility (log K_OA = 7) may have an extremely high potential for accumulation in polar regions, if persistent and emitted to air. Efforts should be directed to identify chemicals with such properties.
Variable persistence of a chemical in air and surface media can either enhance or decrease its potential to become relatively enriched in Arctic properties.

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Biotic Monitoring

Assessment of Organochlorine and Metal Levels in Canadian Arctic Fox

Project Leader:

Birgit Braune, National Wildlife Research Centre (NWRC), Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), Environment Canada, 100 Gamelin Blvd., Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3; Phone: (819) 953-5959; Fax: (819) 953-6612; E-mail: birgit.braune@ec.gc.ca;

Derek Muir, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 319-6921; Fax: (905) 336-6430; E-mail: derek.muir@cciw.ca;

Brett Elkin, Wildlife and Fisheries Division, Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT X1A 3S8; Phone: (867) 873-7761; Fax: (867) 873-0293; E-mail: brett_elkin@gov.nt.ca

Project Team:

Paul Hoekstra, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON;
Robert Mulders, Wildlife and Fisheries Division, Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT;
Brent Patterson, Nunavut Departmentof Sustainable Development, Kugluktuk, NU; Mitch Campbell, Nunavut Department of Sustainable Development, Arviat, NU;
Olokhaktomiut Hunters and Trappers Committee, Holman, NT;
Arviat Hunters and Trappers Organization, Arviat, NU; Baker Lake Hunters and Trappers Organization, Baker Lake, NU; Local Hunters and Wildlife Officers;
Matson’s Laboratory, Milltown, MT, USA; Joachim Obst, Yellowknife, NT;
Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK;
Department of Earth Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON;
Bryan Wakeford, NWRC, CWS, Environment Canada, Hull, QC

Abstract:

The Arctic fox is a circumpolar species that is widely distributed across northern Canada. The food habits of the Arctic fox differ between summer and winter, and between inland and coastal/island environments. Results from stable isotope analyses of Arctic fox samples from Ulukhaqtuuq (Holman), Northwest Territories, show that trophic position (as inferred from stable nitrogen values) of Arctic fox is positively correlated with increasing stable carbon isotope values, suggesting that Arctic fox feeding from the marine environment occupy a higher trophic level. However, comparison of stable isotope data with organochlorine (OC) concentrations indicates that trophic position may not influence OC levels for all major OC groups. Preliminary results suggest that while OC levels are highly variable, Arctic fox from Ulukhaqtuuq may be exposed to OC levels above the lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels for adverse effects on mammalian reproduction. Further research is required to properly elucidate the potential wildlife health risk from OC exposure to this species.

Key Project Message

Stable isotope data suggest that Arctic fox feeding from the marine environment occupy a higher trophic level than those feeding further inland.
Trophic level may not influence residue levels for all major organochlorine (OC) groups.
Preliminary results suggest that Arctic fox from Ulukhaqtuuq (Holman) may be exposed to OC levels above toxicological thresholds for mammalian reproduction

Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns
of HCH Isomers in the Arctic Environment

Project Leader:

Birgit Braune, National Wildlife Research Centre (NWRC), Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), Environment Canada, Hull, QC K1A 0H3; Phone: (819) 953-5959; Fax: (819) 953-6612; E-mail: birgit.braune@ec.gc.ca;
Terry Bidleman, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Downsview, ON M3H 5T4; Phone (416) 739-5730; Fax: (416) 739-5708; E-mail: terry.bidleman@ec.gc.ca;
Aaron Fisk, National Water Research Institute (NWRI), Environment Canada, Burlington ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 336-6405; Fax: (905) 336-6430; E-mail: aaron.fisk@cciw.ca;
Derek Muir, NWRI, Environment Canada, Burlington ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 319-6921; Fax: (905) 336-6430; E-mail: derek.muir@cciw.ca

Project Team:

Bill Strachan, NWRI, Environment Canada, Burlington ON; Jason Duffe and Ross Norstrom, NWRC, Environment Canada, Gatineau QC;
Richard Addison and Robie Macdonald, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Sidney BC;
Barry Hargrave, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, DFO, Dartmouth NS;
Lisa Jantunen and Yi-Fan Li, MSC, Downsview, ON

Abstract:

The objectives of this study are to compare the spatial and temporal trends of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers in biotic and abiotic samples. During the first year of this project, trends of HCH data in Arctic biota (thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida)) were examined; HCH concentrations, including β-HCH, were determined in water from the eastern Archipelago of the Canadian Arctic; and Henry’s law constants (HLC) were determined for α-, γ- and β-HCH. Spatial trends in the relative proportions and concentrations of HCH isomers were observed in the thick-billed murres and ringed seals, although the patterns did not follow any discernable geographic trends. Temporal trends varied among the HCH isomers and among stocks of ringed seals. α-, γ- and ∑HCH concentrations declined in ringed seals from Hudson Bay but not Holman Island between the 1980s and early 1990s. β-HCH has not declined in ringed seals between the 1980s and 1990s, although recent data suggest the start of a decline. Concentrations of α-HCH and γ-HCH are significantly declining while β-HCH is increasing in eggs of thick-billed murres. The variability in spatial and temporal trends between HCH isomers in biota suggests that using β-HCH is not appropriate for assessing these chemicals in the Arctic. Concentrations of α- and γ-HCH in eastern Archipelago ocean water are similar to past work, β-HCH concentrations are an order of magnitude lower than α- and γ-HCH. The HLC value determined for β-HCH is 10 times lower than α- and γ- HCH. This lower HLC would delay the transport of β;-HCH to the Arctic and may in part explain the delay in β-HCH decline in the Arctic. The Arctic water concentrations and HLC values are among the first reported for β-HCH.

Key Project Message

There are spatial trends in the relative proportions and concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers in ringed seals and thick-billed murres from the Canadian Arctic. However, these trends do not follow geographical patterns and may be confounded by differences in collection years and feeding habits at different sites.
Temporal trends in HCH isomer concentrations in ringed seals vary among stocks. α-, γ- an ∑HCH concentrations declined in ringed seals from Hudson Bay but not Holman Island between the 1980s and early 1990s. β-HCH has not declined in ringed seals between the 1980s and 1990s, although recent data suggest the start of a decline. Concentrations of α-HCH and γ-HCH are significantly declining while β-HCH is increasing in eggs of thick-billed murres.β-HCH concentrations in Arctic marine water are an order of magnitude lower than γ-HCH and two orders of magnitude lower than α-HCH.
The Henry’s law constant (HLC) for β-HCH (HLC = 0.036) is approximately 10 times lower than those of α- and γ- HCH.

Role of Contaminants in Seaduck
Population Decline: Metals in Oldsquaw

Project Leader:

Birgit Braune, National Wildlife Research Centre (NWRC), Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), Environment Canada, 100 Gamelin Blvd., Hull, QC K1A 0H3; Phone: (819) 953-5959; Fax:(819) 953-6612; birgit.braune@ec.gc.ca

Project Team:

Bryan Wakeford, NWRC, CWS, Hull, QC; Keith Hobson, CWS, Saskatoon, SK

Abstract:

Western populations of oldsquaw are in decline and although populations appear stable in the east, oldsquaw are considered to be a Species of Continental Conservation Concern. Analyses of mercury, selenium and copper in liver, cadmium in kidney and lead in bone suggest that the males generally contained higher residue levels than the females, except for lead in bone of the western birds. Both cadmium in kidney and selenium in liver were considerably higher in western birds compared with eastern birds. Only selenium in livers of some of the western birds exceeded toxicological threshold values found in the literature. It is not known whether or not the birds are more exposed to metal contamination on the Arctic breeding grounds or on their overwintering grounds. Measurements of naturally occurring stable isotopes in foodwebs will be used to discriminate birds that wintered in marine areas from those that wintered in freshwater environments, such as the Great Lakes. Analysis of metal residue data in combination with stable isotope data will then be used to determine if birds overwintering on the Great Lakes risk greater exposure to contaminants than those overwintering in marine environments.

Key Project Message

Male oldsquaw generally contained higher metal residue levels than the females except for lead (Pb) in bone of the western birds.
Only selenium (Se) in livers of some of the western birds exceeded toxicological threshold values found in the literature.

Retrospective Survey of Organochlorines
and Mercury in Arctic Seabird Eggs

Project Leader:

Project Team:

Jason Duffe, Bryan Wakeford, Mary Simon, Abde Idrissi and Ross Norstrom, NWRC, CWS, Gatineau QC;
Aaron Fisk, National Water Research Institute, Burlington ON; Richard Addison, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney BC

Abstract:

We have previously measured the levels of organochlorines and mercury in archived Arctic seabird eggs and confirmed that the concentrations of most organochlorine compounds have been decreasing and that mercury concentrations have been increasing in Arctic seabirds. To evaluate whether temporal trends of organochlorines vary between species we compared the temporal trends of organochlorines among seabird and marine mammal species. Although somewhat limited by sample sizes and access to temporal trend data sets, our analysis has shown that the rate of change of organochlorine contaminant concentrations in Arctic seabirds and marine mammals varies among species. These results support the continued monitoring of organohalogens in a suite of Arctic species. A number of halogenated organic contaminants, which have never been measured in Canadian Arctic seabirds, were also quantified. Preliminary results from seabird livers sampled from 1975 and 1993 showed that concentrations of most dioxins and furans decreased in northern fulmars and black-legged kittiwakes but increased in thick-billed murres. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers have increased in all three species and concentrations of non-ortho PCBs have increased in northern fulmars. Levels of some dioxins, furans, non-ortho PCBs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in seabirds are higher than levels found in marine mammals. Toxaphene, halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles, chlorinated terphenyls, hexabromo biphenyls and TCP-methane were also detected in seabirds, but concentrations were low.

Key Project Message

Temporal trends of organochlorine (OC) concentrations vary between Arctic seabird and marine mammal species suggesting that a suite of species is needed in order to assess these chemicals in the Arctic.
A number of halogenated organcontaminants, which had not previously been reported for Canadian Arctic seabirds, were measured. Among these, levels of dioxins, furans, non-ortho PCB congeners and polybrominated diphenyl ethers were considered significant and require additional analysis and evaluation in seabirds.

Heavy Metal and Radionuclide Contaminants in Caribou

Project Leader:

Brett Elkin, Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Wildlife and Fisheries Division, 5102 50th Avenue, Yellowknife NT X1T 3S8; Phone: (867) 873-7761; Fax: (867) 873-0293; E-mail: brett_elkin@gov.nt.ca

Project Team:

Colin Macdonald, Northern Environmental Consulting and Analysis, Pinawa, MB;
South Slave Metis Tribal Council, Fort Smith, NT;
Salt River First Nation # 195, Fort Smith, NT;
Regional Biologists and Local Renewable Resource Officers

Abstract:

As part of a continuing program to monitor contaminants in caribou in the Northwest Territories, the livers and kidneys from 20 caribou from the Beverly herd were analyzed for metals and radionuclides. The levels of all metals and radionuclides were similar to results of previous studies on the Beverly herd and were within the range usually found in barren-ground caribou in the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut. Several metals, including beryllium, arsenic, chromium, and nickel were generally below detection limits in most animals. Average cadmium levels in kidney were 45.6 mg·kg^-1 dry weight (dry wt), or about 10 mg·kg^-1 wet wt, which is at the upper end of the range of values reported for barren ground caribou. A value of 209 mg·kg^-1 dry wt was reported in the kidney of one animal. Total mercury was detected in all samples except for one liver sample, and ranged from 4.4 to 11 mg·kg^-1 dry wt in the 20 livers analyzed. ¹³⁷Cs, a remnant of the atmospheric nuclear weapons testing programs of the 1950s and 1960s, was more than twice as high in the kidney (247 Bq·kg^-1wet wt) than liver (97 Bq·kg^-1). ¹³⁷Cs concentrations are well below the levels expected to cause effects in the animals. The major natural radionuclide is ²¹⁰Po, which had a mean concentration of 346 Bq·kg^-1 in liver, similar to the levels found in previous studies with the Beverly herd.

Key Project Message

The livers and kidneys of a subset of 20 female caribou from the Beverly herd were analyzed for metals and radionuclides. They were harvested at Nonacho Lake (61^o 59' N, 109^o 28' W) in the Northwest Territories (NWT).
The concentration of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), two contaminants of concern in the North, were in the upper range of values for barren-ground caribou from the NWT, Yukon and Nunavut. A high Cd level was reported in one kidney sample.
Several elements, such as beryllium, antimony, chromium, and silver were below or close to detection limits in most samples
The levels of radionuclides were similar to findings of previous studies of the Beverly herd. ²¹⁰Po, a natural radionuclide, had a mean concentration of 346 Bq·kg^-1 wet wt in liver. ¹³⁷Cs, left over from atmospheric weapons tests in the 1960's, was higher in kidney than liver, but not considered to be of concern for the health of the animal.

Spatial and Long-Term Trends in Organic Contaminants and Metals in Fish Species Important to the Commercial, Sports and Domestic Fisheries of Great Slave Lake and the Slave River Ecosystem

Project Leader:

Marlene S. Evans, National Water Research Institute (NWRI), Environment Canada, SK S7N 3H5; Phone: (306) 975-5310; Fax: (306) 975-5143; E-mail: marlene.evans@ec.gc.ca;
Derek Muir, NWRI, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 319-6921; Fax: (905) 336-6430; E-mail: derek.muir@cciw.gc.ca

Project Team:

Mike Whittle, Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Burlington, ON;
G.A. Stern and Lyle Lockhart, Freshwater Institute, DFO, Winnipeg, MB;
George Low, DFO, Hay River, NT; Maurice Boucher, Akaitcho Territory Tribal Council, Fort Resolution, NT;
Brenda Parlee, Lutsel K’e Dene Band, Lutsel K’e, NT; Tim Heron, South Slave Métis Tribal Council, Fort Smith, NT

Abstract:

This study is the second year of a long-term monitoring program of contaminant trends (PCBs, DDT, toxaphene, mercury, etc.) in lake trout, burbot (loche, maria) and pike (jack) from two regions of Great Slave Lake. The West Basin is strongly affected by inputs from the Slave River while the East Arm is influenced more by atmospheric inputs. In 2000, burbot from the Slave River were added to the study design. In the West Basin, a community fisherman collected pike and burbot near the Slave River inflow and lake trout in the Simpson Island area. In the East Arm, a community member at Lutsel K’e collected these species of fish in the vicinity of the community. Finally, a community member from Fort Smith collected burbot in the Slave River. Ten specimens of the approximately 20 collected of each species from each location were submitted for analyses, which are ongoing, while the remainder is archived. A presentation was given at Lutsel K’e on previous studies conducted from 1994 to 1998, including preliminary 1999 results. Data from 1999 have been received and initial interpretations are presented in this report.

Key Project Message

Lake trout, pike, and burbot were collected from the West Basin and the East Arm in 2000 with the support of community members from Fort Resolution and Lutsel K’e. Burbot were collected from the Slave River with support from Fort Smith.
Contaminant analysis of fish collected in 2000 is ongoing.
Fish collected in 1999 have been analyzed for contaminants.
Metals, such as mercury (Hg), occurred in relatively low concentrations in lake trout, burbot and pike from the two locations in Great Slave Lake in 1999.
Organochlorine (OC) concentrations also were low in fish from these two locations. Lower OC concentrations were observed in lake trout and burbot caught from the East Arm in 1999 than in 1993. Continuing research will investigate whether this is a real time trend and the reasons for it.
Organochlorine concentrations in fish collected in the West Basin in 1999 are similar to concentrations observed in earlier years. Continuing research will investigate why OC concentrations in fish in the West Basin are similar to those observed in earlier years while declining concentrations may be occurring in fish from the East Arm.

An Investigation of Factors Affecting High Mercury Concentrations in Predatory Fish in the Mackenzie River Basin

Project Leader:

Marlene Evans, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5; Phone: (306) 975-5310; Fax: (306) 975-5143; E-mail: marlene.evans@ec.gc.ca;
Lyle Lockhart, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6; Phone: (204) 983-7113; Fax: (204) 984-2404; E-mail: lockhartl@dfo-mpo-gc.ca

Project Team:

George Low, DFO, Hay River, NT; Gary Stern, DFO, Freshwater Institute, DFO, Winnipeg, MB;
Tog Jackson, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON;
Bill Strachan, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON

Abstract:

We had a productive research year on this study. Our research effort consisted of completing the analyses from samples collected in 1999 and in conducting new sampling in Tsesto, Sibbeston and Willow Lakes, in addition to visiting Cli and Little Doctor Lakes again. Mercury concentrations are not high in the water of these lakes. As well, these lakes do not have many of the limnological conditions that favour relatively high mercury methylation rates. In particular, the lakes are not acidic. We have re-examined the fish collected during the original 1996-1999 stock assessment studies to determine if high mercury levels are associated with their feeding behaviours and/or age. We note that the fish in many of the lakes are relatively old. Mercury concentrations in predatory fish do not approach 0.5 µg·g^-1until these fish approach 10 years of age. Fish also grow more slowly than in more southern regions and so the potential for growth dilution is less. Increased harvesting of larger fish may improve fish growth rates and lower mercury levels.

Key Project Message

We have expanded our mercury (Hg) study to investigate Tsetso, Sibbeston, and Willow Lakes, in addition to our continuing work on Cli and Little Doctor Lakes.
We conducted laboratory studies that suggest Hg is transformed more rapidly into forms concentrated by the fish in coloured streams than in the clear streams flowing into Cli Lake.
Overall, our five study lakes do not appear to have conditions that are especially favourable for Hg to accumulate at a fast rate in predatory fish. Mercury concentrations are not very high in the water and high Hg lakes are not small and acidic.
We have conducted more studies of the fish that were analyzed during the 1996-1999 stock assessment studies. It is starting to look like the fish have high Hg concentrations in some lakes because they are old and slow growing. Predatory fish start to approach a Hg concentration of 0.5 µg·g^-1, the limit established for the commercial sale of fish, at about 10 to 12 years of age when they are eating more and more small, forage fish.

Mercury in Fish from Stock Surveys of Lakes in the Western Northwest Territories: Investigations into the Factors Affecting Mercury Levels

Project Leader:

Lyle Lockhart and Gary Stern, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6; Phone: (204) 983-7113/984-6761; Fax: (204) 984-2403; E-mail: SternG@dfo-mpo.gc.caor E-mail: LockhartL@dfo-mpo.gc.ca;
George Low, DFO, 42043 Mackenzie Highway, Hay River, NT X0E 0R9; Phone: (867) 874-5575; Fax: (403) 874-6922; E-mail: LowG@dfo-mpo.gc.ca;
Marlene Evans, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5; Phone: (306) 975-5310; Fax: (306) 975-5143; E-mail: marlene.evans@ec.gc.ca.

Project Team:

Ron Allen, DFO, Yellowknife, NT; Gail Boila, DFO, Winnipeg, MB; Joanne DeLaronde, DFO, Winnipeg, MB;
Robert Garrett, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, ON; Glen Stephens, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Yellowknife, NT

Abstract:

Surveys of lakes from the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have consistently indicated that fish from these lakes often have muscle mercury levels above those recommended for human consumption. The questions arising from these observations relate to the geographic extent of the problem of high mercury levels, the sources of the mercury, whether the problem is entirely natural or whether there is an anthropogenic component, and whether the magnitude of the problem is changing. For several years, fish sampled in Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) projects have been analyzed for mercury. More recently fish taken in stock surveys carried out at the request of Renewable Resource Councils have also been analyzed. The result is a growing database of mercury in fish from lakes chosen either by other NCP projects or by local communities. The data reveals that different species generally contain different levels of mercury with predators such as lake trout, walleye and northern pike usually containing more mercury than forage feeders such as cisco and whitefish. Some of the levels in predators have been found to exceed levels considered safe for unrestricted consumption and a number of consumption advisories have been issued. The reasons why levels of a given species are higher in one lake than another are not yet clear and are the subject of ongoing investigations.

Key Project Message

Mercury (Hg) levels in muscle from whitefish and Arctic char are generally quite low and are thus safe to eat.
Top predator fish such as lake trout, walleye and northern pike have the highest Hg concentrations. Mean levels were generally above or just below the Health Canada recommended limit for commercial sale.
Walleye had the highest recorded mean Hg concentrations of all fish species tested.

Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Metals in Landlocked Char

Project Leader:

Derek Muir, National Water Research Institute (NWRI), Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 319-6921; Fax: (905) 336-6430; E-mail: derek.muir@cciw.ca;
Günter Köck, Institute of Zoology and Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Phone: +43 512 507 6196; Fax: +43 512 507 2930; E-mail: Guenter.Koeck@uibk.ac.at;
Jim Reist, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB T3T 2N6; Phone: (204) 983-5000; Fax: (204) 984-2403; E-mail: reistJ@dfo-mpo.gc.ca;
Doug Bleft, Royal Roads University, Department of Applied Research, 2005 Sooke Rd., Victoria, BC V8S 5C5; Phone: (250) 391-2584; Fax: (250) 391-2560; E-mail: dbleft@royalroads.ca

Project Team:

Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay) Hunters and Trappers Association, Resolute, NU; Gino Sardella, Mike Comba and Sean Backus, NWRI, Burlington, ON

Abstract:

This study is examining temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants and metals, especially mercury, in landlocked Arctic char from lakes near the community of Qausuittuq (Resolute) by analysis of annual sample collections. This is the second report on this study. There has been no statistically significant change in mercury concentrations in char from Resolute Lake over the 8-year period. However, mean concentrations in char from 1999 and 2000 in Resolute Lake were 15% to 20% lower than those from 1992 and 1997. If a slow decline is occurring, it will take additional annual sampling to confirm this. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in char from Resolute Lake in 1997 were higher than those in 1999, after adjusting for length. Further sampling and analysis will be needed to determine if this observation is part of a declining trend of PCB inputs. Levels of PCBs and DDT-related compounds were much lower in char from Char Lake in 1999 and 2000, compared with results from char collected in nearby Char Lake in 1993; this is probably because only piscivorous char from 1993 were analyzed. In Resolute Lake, both mercury and SPCBs were significantly correlated with d¹⁵N in char collected in 1997 and 1999. This suggests that biomagnification of mercury and organochlorines is occurring within the char population due to the presence of piscivorous char. Support for presence of piscivory comes from the differences of up to 3.8 parts per thousand in d¹⁵N found in char from Resolute Lake.

Key Project Message

No significant decline in mercury (Hg) concentrations was detected in Arctic char from Resolute Lake from 1992 to 2000, although mean concentrations in 2000 are 20% lower than those from 1992 and 1997.
PCB levels in char from Resolute Lake in 1997 were higher than those in 1999, after adjusting for length, but further sampling is needed to confirm whether this is a long-term trend.
Results for nitrogen stable isotope ratios show that some char in Resolute Lake are piscivorous and are accumulating higher levels of PCBs and Hg due to biomagnification.

Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Metals in Ringed Seals from the Canadian Arctic

Project Leader:

Derek Muir, National Water Research Institute (NWRI), Environment Canada, Burlington ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 319-6921; Fax: (905) 336-6430; E-mail: derek.muir@cciw.ca;
Aaron Fisk, NWRI, Environment Canada, Burlington ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 336-6405; Fax: (905) 336-6430; E-mail: aaron.fisk@cciw.ca;
Michael Kwan, Nunavik Research Centre, P.O. Box 179, Kuujjuaq, QC J0M 1CO; Phone: (819) 964-2951; Fax: (819) 964-2230; E-mail: istr2276@fox.nstn.ca

Project Team:

Qausuittuq (Resolute Bay) Hunters and Trappers Committee; Ikajutit (Arctic Bay) Hunters and Trappers Committee; Pangnirtung Hunters and Trappers Committee; Mittimatalik/Tununiq (Pond Inlet) Hunters and Trappers Committee; Mike Comba and Sean Backus, NWRI, Environment Canada, Burlington ON; Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON; Ian Stirling, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Edmonton, AB

Abstract:

Temporal trends of mercury, PCBs, SDDT, b-HCH and g-HCH in ringed seals were studied by comparing results from samples collected at Grise Fiord, Pangnirtung, and Pond Inlet with earlier published results. SDDT declined significantly in blubber of female seals from Grise Fiord from 1972-1993 but not from 1993-1998. Levels of SPCB10 (sum of 10 major congeners) were marginally higher in the 1972 samples than in those from 1993, but not significantly different from levels in samples from 1998. No statistically significant declines were found for SDDT or SPCB10 in ringed seals from Pangnirtung over the period 1985-1999. Arithmetic mean concentrations of mercury in adult ringed seals from Pond Inlet (2000) were three-fold higher than results reported by Smith and Armstrong (1978) for seals of the same average age. These are the first reports of temporal trends of persistent organochlorines and mercury in ringed seals from the eastern Arctic. In the case of , results are similar to observations by Addison and Smith (1998) at Holman in the western Arctic. The increasing concentration of mercury observed at Pond Inlet is in accord with previous findings in the western Arctic from 1972-1993, based on a comparison of regression slopes (Wagemann et al. 1996) and observations by Braune (1999) of an approximately two-fold increase in mercury in thick billed murre eggs from Lancaster Sound over the period 1975-1998.

Key Project Message

levels declined in ringed seals at Grise Fiord while levels showed few or no changes over a 26-year period (1972-1998). At Pangnirtung, and s showed no significant changes over the period 1985 to 1999.
b- increased in ringed seals at both Grise Fiord and Pangnirtung while g- showed no major changes in concentration.
Mercury (Hg) levels increased three-fold in ringed seal liver at Pond Inlet over a 24-year period (1976-2000), which is in accord with previous findings for seals in the western Arctic and for seabirds.

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Education and Communication

Inuvialuit Regional Corporation Contaminants Coordinator:
A Five-Year Strategy of Communication and Action on Contaminant Issues in the Canadian Arctic

Project Leader:

Billy Archie, Regional Contaminants Coordinator, Box 203, Aklavik NT X0E 0A0; Phone: (867) 978-2764; Fax: (867) 978-2080; E-mail: barchie@irc.inuvialuit.com

Project Team:

Nellie Cournoyea, Chair and Chief Executive Officer, Inuvialuit Regional Corporation, Inuvik NT; Duane Smith, Chairman, Inuvialuit Game Council, Inuvik NT;
Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa ON; Northwest Territories Environmental Contaminants Committee;
Jim Wall, Aurora Research Institute, Inuvik NT; Chairs: Aklavik, Holman, Inuvik, Paulatuk, Sachs Harbour and Tuktoyaktuk Community Corporations;
Presidents: Aklavik, Holman, Inuvik, Paulatuk, Sachs Harbour and Tuktoyaktuk Hunters and Trappers Committees

Abstract

The objective of the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation Regional Contaminants Coordinator (RCC) position is to provide the Inuvialuit with a better understanding about the presence of contaminants within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), how they enter the food chain, and their possible effects on wildlife and the Inuvialuit population. The RCC is in constant communication with community members and organizations, and works with scientists and researchers to determine what work is required for the future to better understand contaminants issues in the ISR, and to be able to answer questions and concerns raised by Inuvialuit on these issues. Through this network, stronger communication links among communities, schools, the Northern Contaminants Program, and industry have been built. The RCC was involved in the Inuvialuit Community Tour in January 2001, which visited all ISR communities and discussed their concerns on health and contaminant issues. In general, all communities had questions about contaminants, global warming and the oil and gas industry/development. With the introduction of the ISR RCC, apprehension, mistrust and alarm over contaminants information among community members have been somewhat mitigated, because someone from their region can explain contaminants in plain language and in their own language.

Key Project Messages

Communities within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR) have a broad range of concerns related to contaminants and their effects on wildlife and human health in the ISR. It is important that there be an ongoing, coordinated exchange of information and research results among researchers, project managers and community members.
A monitoring program for the ISR is necessary to identify contaminants within the region and their impact on the wildlife and human population.
Several management plans related to wildlife and the environment have been developed through the efforts of the co-management boards established under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement. These plans provide guidance to the agencies responsible for the overall management of the region’s wildlife and environment. The identification of contaminants within the ISR and their impact on the wildlife and human population of the region is required to help monitor the impacts and was therefore added to these management plans. These issues could be addressed through a monitoring program for the ISR.

Incorporation of Scientific Knowledge into Inuit Knowledge in Nunavik

Project Leader:

Suzanne Bruneau, Public Health Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), (CHUL), 2400 rue d'Estimauville, Beauport, QC G1E 7G9; Phone: (418) 666-7000 (Ext. 222); Fax: (418) 666-2776; E-mail: sbruneau@crchul.ulaval.ca

Project Team:

Chris Furgal and Éric Dewailly, Public Health Research Unit, CHUL-CHUQ Research Center; Minnie Grey, Nunavik Nutrition and Health Committee, Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, Kuujjuaq, QC

Abstract

The problem of food chain contamination creates a complex situation affecting the heart of the culture and traditions of the Inuit population, particularly in relation to nutrition and health. From the health expert’s viewpoint, food is understood and treated as both a risk and a protective factor for health and well-being. Consequently, the content of the message disseminated to the Inuit population is often ambivalent and confusing because it focuses concomitantly on potential risks related to chronic exposure to contaminants as well as positive health aspects of a diet based on fish and marine mammals. Therefore, it is important to question the relationship between expert and Inuit knowledge, more specifically in the way they incorporate one another. Using the case of information related to contaminants in traditional/country food, this study will gain a better understanding of the strategies used by a social group, to adapt to this problem in their daily lives. Furthermore, it will help to better understand how, and in what form, to better develop and deliver the messages on these issues in health education and promotion programs in the North.

Key Project Messages

The present study will provide information for the Inuit population and environmental health communicators to help better orient their communication activities related to health and contaminants issues.
The results are anticipated to provide evidence as to why and how communication activities organized and delivered by health experts and researchers still create some misunderstanding and confusion among the public

Gwich’in Tribal Council Regional Contaminant Coordinator

Project Leader:

Fred Carmichael, President, Gwich’in Tribal Council, PO Box 1509 Inuvik, NT XOE OTO; Phone: (867) 777-869; Fax: (867) 777-4538

Project Team:

Norman Snowshoe, Gwich’in Tribal Council, Inuvik, NT

Abstract

The Gwich’in consume traditional/country foods as a main staple of their diet. Due to concerns from the Gwich’in in regards to contaminants in the food chain, the Regional Contaminants Coordinator (RCC) position was established. This position enabled the Gwich’in to be a member of and participate in research programs established by the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP). During 2000-2001, the second year that the Gwich’in were involved with the NCP, the RCC held workshops, attended meetings/workshops, developed proposals, established research programs and distributed relevant information to the Gwich’in communities. Furthermore, the RCC participated in other non-NCP environmental programs in a technical capacity. Finally, the RCC attended NCP activities, which included the annual Results Workshop, Human Health Workshop, Country Food Monitoring Workshop, Wildlife Disease Training, and participated as a member of the Northwest Territories Environmental Contaminants Committee.

Key Project Messages

The Gwich’in Regional Contaminants Coordinator (RCC) has raised the awareness of the Gwich’in in regards to local, national and international contaminant issues. He held workshops, attended meetings/workshops, developed proposals, established research programs and distributed relevant information to the Gwich’in communities.
Gwich’in continue to harvest and consume traditional/country foods.
The RCC has attended several workshops to enhance his capacity to carry out the duties of his position.

Communication Through Fabric Art – Bear Comin Undone

Project Leader:

Dene Nation, Box 2338, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2P8; Phone (867) 873-4081; Fax: (867) 920-2254; E-mail: dene-nation@ssimicro.com

Project Team:

Judy Farrow, Box 1273, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2N9; Phone: (867) 873-5462; Fax: (867) 873-4401; E-mail: farrow@internorth.com

Abstract

The aim of this project was to produce a fabric wall hanging that represents the contaminant issue as it affects the Arctic marine food chain that supports polar bears. It is hoped that this work will promote dialogue of the contaminant issues particularly in cross-cultural situations. Experience has shown that non-verbal messages are often the key to starting meaningful discussions. This quilt will travel to community meetings, national and international meetings, and Northern Contaminants Program workshops and events.

Key Project Messages

Contaminants are a global issue that can only be resolved with international cooperation.
The effects of contaminants in the North are not always immediately apparent, they are often insidious and need closer inspection.

Evaluating Contaminants Curriculum Materials

Project Leader:

Adrian D’Hont, Contaminants Division, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. P.O. Box 1500, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2R3; Phone: (867) 669-2452; Fax: (867) 669-2833; E-mail: dhonta@ainc-inac.gc.ca

Project Team:

Peter Redverf and Jean Marie Broda, Dene Cultural Institute, Hay River Dene Reserve, NT

Abstract

This project evaluates and contrasts the contaminants-related curriculum materials that have been produced in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon, using a teacher survey and key informant interviews. Recommendations were compiled through key informant interviews. Current materials were evaluated as being quite useful, and almost all teachers felt that contaminants issues should be included in the science curriculum. It was determined that the production of curriculum materials is more cost effective when coordinated directly through a territorial contaminants committee, as opposed to funding an intermediate organization. The study also determined that supplementary resources are needed to complement lesson plans, more in-service training would be valuable for teachers of earlier grades, and materials may need occasional re-drafting to ensure their compatibility with school curricula.

Key Project Messages

Effective contaminants materials for schools should begin in early grades, with materials that fit easily into the existing curricula.
Hands-on activities and supplementary resources are desirable complements to contaminants teaching packages.
Occasional re-circulation of educational materials would help to ensure that teachers are aware of these resources.

Council of Yukon First Nations – Contaminants Web Site

Project Leader:

Cindy Dickson, Council of Yukon First Nations, 11 Nisutlin Dr., Whitehorse, YT Y1A 3S4; Phone: (867) 393-9214; Fax: (867) 668-6577; E-mail: cdickson@cyfn.net

Project Team:

Yukon Contaminants Committee, Whitehorse, YT

Abstract

Key Project Messages

Effective contaminants materials for schools should begin in early grades, with materials that fit easily into the existing curricula.
Hands-on activities and supplementary resources are desirable complements to contaminants teaching packages.
Occasional re-circulation of educational materials would help to ensure that teachers are aware of these resources.

Frontline Training for Professionals in the Yukon

Project Leader:

Cindy Dickson, Council of Yukon First Nations, 11 Nisutlin Dr., Whitehorse, YT Y1A 3S4; Phone: (867) 393-9214; Fax: (867) 668-6577; E-mail: cdickson@cyfn.net

Project Team:

Community Health Representatives; Yukon Contaminants Committee, Whitehorse, YT

Abstract

Due to the difficulties faced in communicating contaminant information to communities, a Frontline Training Course was developed to train community representatives so that they could help in communicating this information. The course provided background information on contaminants, the Northern Contaminants Program and previously conducted dietary studies, and allowed for discussions on specific contaminants and recommended intake levels. From these discussions, participants learned that current cadmium intakes through the consumption of traditional/country food do not exceed the recommended intake levels and are lower than the intake levels for smoking. Course surveys were distributed to the participants pre- and post-training to gain a better understanding of what they knew before the course, what they had learned by having taken the course and to receive feedback. Participants stated that the course was successful. Recommendations for future workshops included involving Yukon College – Professional Studies, youth and more people who work in the lands and resource area. Participants stated that their main concern related to health and the environment, such as contaminants in traditional/country foods, cancer, high rates of diabetes, garbage and recycling, monitoring health, how to encourage others to make healthy choices, access to traditional foods, contaminants from mine sites and the importance of teaching children about the environment.

Key Project Messages

A Frontline Training Course was developed to help with the communication of contaminant information. Much information has been distributed but problems exist in the communication and interpretation of this information within communities.
The course included discussions on contaminants in general as well as specific presentations on contaminant issues.
Participants compared the levels of cadmium in traditional/country food to levels found in cigarettes as well as Health Canada’s recommended intake levels and found that people were generally not coming close to the maximum recommended intake levels through the food they eat.
Participants discussed ways to inform community members about contaminants information and to encourage communities to ask questions about the information. A one-page information sheet to be brought back and posted in each participating community was drafted.
Recommendations were made for future workshops (e.g. inviting more people to participate, such as Yukon College and youth).

State of the Environment 2000 – A First Nation Perspective on the Land and Environment for 2000

Project Leader:

First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun, Land and Resources Department, Box 280, Mayo, YT Y0B 1M0; Phone: (867) 996-2415; Fax: (867) 996-2829

Project Team:

Council of Yukon First Nations, Whitehorse, YT

Abstract

The First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun Land and Resources Department received approval on a workplan that supports responsible environmental management and relates traditional knowledge with decision making and data collection.Through this workplan, as well as funding from the Northern Contaminants Program, workshops that focus on a First Nations perspective of the land and environment have taken place. This year’s workshop, State of the Environment 2000, took place August 6-9, 2000, in Moose Creek, Yukon. It was geared towards ‘sustainable communities’ and allowing Elders to discuss traditional practices and express their concerns for today’s and future generations. As well as an Elder’s discussion, presentations were given by government and non-government organizations that relate directly or indirectly to contaminants in the North. During the discussions, Elders commented on the state of the environment, pollution, as well as traditional lifestyle. They expressed that First Nation people need to become one again and work together. Recommendations for follow-up to the workshop addressed the needs to gather further data, to continue to communicate regularly through workshops, to continue work on criteria and indicators for monitoring purposes, and to develop a program to determine options for environmental monitoring.

Key Project Messages

To ensure that traditional knowledge is preserved for future generations, it is important to understand Elders’ perspectives on the land and environment, and have these views communicated to youth as well as government and non-government organizations.

Avatiptinnit Niqittiavait – Good Food in the Environment

Project Leader:

Eric Loring and Scot Nickels, Environment Department, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, 170 Laurier Ave. Suite 510, Ottawa, ON K1P 5V5; Phone: (613) 238-8181; Fax: (613) 233-2116; E-mail: eloring@tapirisat.ca

Project Team:

Laurie Chan, Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC;
Francis Murphy and Mary Denniston, Labrador Inuit Association. Nain, Labrador;
Billy Archie, Inuvialuit Regional Corporation, Aurora College, Inuvik, NT;
Olivier Receveur, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC.

Abstract

This project makes an important step toward realizing some key objectives for contaminant communication and education in Inuit communities. By methods of regional workshops and direct Inuit participation and input from five regions (Inuvialuit, Kitikmeot, Kivalliq, Qikiqtaaluk and Labrador), this project will use a process of “community dialogue” to evaluate and interpret the data of the Centre of Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment’s Dietary Benefit-Risk Study from an Inuit specific perspective. This community dialogue will help to assess the significance of the study’s findings on: Inuit subsistence practices and diet; market food consumption; the risks and benefits to health; the potential impacts of lifestyle decisions on culture, economy and community; the use of research; and approaches to communicating with and educating communities about contaminants issues. Ultimately, this project will provide Inuit with the appropriate information on the benefits, risks and importance of traditional lifestyles to assist individuals and communities in making informed decisions about harvesting and consumption of northern foods. It will do this by using different communication methods such as regional workshops, a Web site, radio shows, newsletters, community tours and posters to provide Inuit with a current, comprehensive and accessible body of relevant information, enabling them to have more control over contaminants-related issues and problems. This year’s (2000-2001) communication efforts were concentrated in the Labrador and Inuvialuit regions. In 2001-2002, communication efforts will be in Nunavut. The project will conclude in 2002-2003.

Key Project Messages

Communication efforts on the subject of dietary benefits and risks concentrated in the Labrador and Inuvialuit regions in 2000-2001; communication efforts in Nunavut will take place in 2001-2002.
The key messages that were delivered in the Labrador and Inuvialuit regions were:
- Contaminants are relatively low in these regions.
- Eat more traditional foods; a diet of traditional foods provides a healthier lifestyle compared to a store-bought food diet.
- The younger generation (especially young women) are consuming an unhealthy diet.
- Obesity is rising and may become a serious health factor.
- Eat less junk food from the store.

Training and Support for Regional Contaminant Coordinators

Project Leader:

Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Suite 510, 170 Laurier Ave. W., Ottawa, ON K1P 5V5; Phone: (613) 238-8181; Fax: (613) 234 - 1991; E-mail: Eloring@tapirisat.ca

Project Team:

Judy Farrow, Environmental Education Consultant, Yellowknife, NT

Abstract

Regional Contaminant Coordinators (RCCs) facilitate two-way communication between the Northern Contaminants Program and northern communities. They are also expected to engage in capacity building activities for dealing with contaminant issues. A training workshop was held at the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada offices in Ottawa, March 22-24, 2001. Participants included RCC from Labrador, Nunavik, Kivalliq and Baffin regions. The workshop dealt with an overview of the RCC’ responsibilities, including evaluating communication priorities, developing educational materials, organizing workshops, time and budget management strategies, proposal writing and research licensing procedures. The workshop also provided an opportunity for the RCC to meet face-to-face and set up their own communication strategies for networking among themselves. They also provided recommendations for future workshops to extend their own professional development. All participants were provided with an RCC Reference Manual and a CD-ROM version of all the reference materials used in the workshop.

Key Project Messages

Regional Contaminant Coordinators (RCCs) are a key link between the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) and the residents of the North.
Information regarding NCP activities must be provided to communities in a clear, well organized way, in non-technical language.
CCs must be well informed so that they can deal effectively with issues of concern for their regions.

Northern Contaminants Poster Contest

Project Leader:

Karen McArthur and Allison Armstrong, Lands and Environment Managers, Dene Nation, P.O. Box 2338, Yellowknife, NT XIA 2P8; Phone: (867) 873-4081; Fax: (867) 920-2254; E-Mail: denenationkm@ssimicro.com

Project Team:

Cindy Dickson, Council of Yukon First Nations, Whitehorse, YT; Scot Nickels, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON

Abstract

Children and youth are one of the key audiences that the Northern Contaminants Program has identified as requiring focus for further efforts to communicate contaminant information. Educating students on contaminant issues and then encouraging them, through a poster contest, to create their own posters is one way in which children and youth are able to express to others what they have learned. These posters can then be displayed at schools across the North and elsewhere in Canada. Posters from schools in the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut were submitted to either the Council of Yukon First Nations, Dene Nation or Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, and then were judged by a team consisting of a representative from each organization. The schools that provided the first, second and third place posters received $3000, $2000 and $1000, respectively, worth of science-related educational material. The winning poster will be printed and sent to schools across the North and major centres across Canada, as well as to Band Offices, Tribal Councils, museums and other northern locations. From the posters that were created, it was possible to gain a better understanding of the extent of understanding that students have on contaminant issues. This contest showed that students are receiving good information and that current education efforts should continue.

Key Project Messages

Through information provided to teachers, and a poster contest, students were encouraged to create posters that expressed their own impressions of contaminants.
Posters were judged and the winning posters will be distributed to schools across the North and other select locations.
The posters were a useful indicator of the extent of contaminant information reaching students; they showed that good information is being communicated to this audience.

Frontline Training Course for Community Representatives in Labrador

Project Leader:

Frances Murphy and Mary Denniston, Research Department, Labrador Inuit Association, P.O. Box 280, Nain, Labrador A0P 1L0; Phone: (709) 922-2847/864; Fax: (709) 922-1040; E-mail: natsiq@nunatsiavut.com

Project Team:

Chris Furgal, Public Health Research Unit, Laval University Hospital Centre, Beauport QC;
Derek Muir, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington ON; Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON

Abstract

Labrador Inuit Association (LIA) Research staff provided a 3-day Frontline Training course for staff of LIA and its affiliates to help enhance capacity in dealing with contaminant issues at the community level. The draft course manual, developed by the Métis Nation-Northwest Territories, was adapted for the Labrador region. Participants in the workshop included LIA fieldworkers, Labrador Inuit Health Commission, community health workers and public health aides, youth, community representatives from Makkovik, OKalaKatiget Society radio and TV staff, and Town Council of Nain representing the five north coast communities of Labrador. Participants were introduced to the issue of contaminants, the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP), northern nutrition, LIA Research communication guidelines, recent research on contaminants and benefits of traditional/country foods in northern Labrador, and scientific research/proposals. They became familiar with contaminant issues in northern Canada, learned ways of interpreting and communicating contaminants information, reviewed research methods, were empowered at personal and community levels in decision-making, and compiled a Labrador list of resources to be utilized in north coast communities. Participants also learned about the excellent value of traditional/country foods in Labrador as compared to store-bought foods; this included the nutritional, economic, and cultural benefits. The “workshop” format for the delivery of the course proved to be beneficial for participants. The course evaluation completed by all participants showed favourable results overall.

Key Project Messages

The Frontline Training Course for Community Representatives in Labrador was successful in its goal of providing baseline information to community representatives who are responsible for communicating health, environment and contaminant issues.
The course manual, a revision of the Frontline Training Course for Northern Community Professionals (Farrow 2000), enabled participants to take information back to their communities to be used as a resource. This manual covered a basic introduction to contaminants and the North. It also included northern nutrition, research methodology, communication guidelines and research results for the region.
The plain language format of delivery, the opportunity to have community concerns addressed by researchers present at the course, and the interest in the course by participants all contributed to the overall success of the course.

Regional Contaminants Coordinator: Labrador Inuit Association

Project Leader:

Project Team:

Chris Furgal, Public Health Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), CHUL, Beauport, QC;
Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON,

Abstract

The Northern Contaminants Program’s (NCP) goal is to reduce and, wherever possible, eliminate contaminants in traditional/country food. Supporting this goal are the NCP’s priorities for providing people with the tools and information for making their own informed decisions, through education, communication, and community participation in the program. One of the ways the NCP helps in reaching this goal is through training people to become Regional Contaminants Coordinators (RCCs) in each of the northern regions. In Labrador, the RCC’s duties include acting as a liaison between five north coast communities and Upper Lake Melville, acting as a liaison for researchers, communicating research results and benefits of traditional/country foods in plain language through various mediums, assisting in the delivery of workshops, open houses, and information sessions, and carrying out projects funded by the NCP. In 2000-2001, the Labrador RCC took part in an RCC Training course, delivered a Frontline Training course, produced and distributed a newsletter, liaised with and assisted researchers on projects such as Climate Change and Public Health in Nunavik and the Labrador PCB clean-up initiative at Saglek Bay, and continued with various other communication activities.

Key Project Messages

This project has enhanced the ability of the Labrador Inuit Association (LIA) Research Office to better understand the issue of human-made chemicals entering the environment, which is a cause for concern for Labrador Inuit, and to communicate information on contaminants, the environment and research that is in plain language, translated, and in an appropriate format for Labrador Inuit to use to make informed decisions about their health and environment.
The LIA Research Office strives to conduct research in a culturally relevant manner and promote mutually beneficial relationships between the communities of northern Labrador and outside researchers and scientists.

Qikiqtani Inuit Association Regional Contaminant Coordinator: A Five-Year Strategy of Communication and Action on Contaminant Issues in the Canadian Arctic

Project Leader:

Salome Qaunaq, Regional Contaminant Coordinator, Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA), P.O. Box 219 Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0; Phone: (867) 979- 5391; Fax: (867) 979-3238

Project Team:

Salamonie Shoo, Lands and Resources Manager, QIA, Iqaluit, NU;
Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON;
Glen Stephens, Contaminants Division, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Iqaluit, NU;
Nunavut Environmental Contaminants Committee; Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, Iqaluit, NU;
Qikiqtaaluk Wildlife Board, Iqaluit, NU; Nunavut Wildlife Management Board, Iqaluit, NU; Nunavut Research Institute, Iqaluit, NU;
Nunavut Department of Sustainable Development, Iqaluit, NU.

Abstract

The Inuit of Qikiqtaaluk rely heavily on traditional/country food as a critical component of their diet, economy and social practices. Due to concerns among Inuit communities regarding contaminants in the food chain, a Regional Contaminants Coordinator (RCC) position was established by the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC) for the Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin) region. The RCC is essential in providing a regional voice for the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) as well as providing the communities in this region with a “familiar” person to go to with questions and concerns – someone who can speak their own language and shares the same concerns. During the year 2000- 2001, the RCC was involved in an orientation program in Ottawa at the offices of ITC. Here, planning began for a tour of five Qikiqtaaluk communities to bring back contaminant information collected in their communities, to address concerns and to provide information related to contaminant concerns. The RCC attended workshops in Ottawa and Winnipeg, an RCC training session in Ottawa, and participated in all Nunavut Environment Contaminant Committee meetings.

Key Project Messages

The communities within the Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin) region have a broad range of concerns related to contaminants and their effects on wildlife and human health and it is important that there be an ongoing, coordinated exchange of information and research results between researchers and project managers and community members.
The Qikiqtani Inuit Association (QIA) Lands Department strives to, in a culturally relevant manner, continue its communication efforts on contaminants research and the environment, conduct research and promote mutually beneficial relationships between the communities of Qikiqtaaluk and outside researchers and scientists.
This project has enabled the QIA Lands Department to continue these communications, research and liaison activities, in order to effectively communicate information on contaminants in the food chain and the environment, enabling Inuit in Baffin to make informed decisions.

Eastern Arctic Contaminants Tour II

Project Leader:

Glen Stephens, Chair, Nunavut Environmental Contaminants Committee, P.O. Box 2200, Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0; Phone: (867) 975-4549; Fax: (867) 975-4560; E-mail: stephensg@ainc-inac.gc.ca;
Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, 170 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 510, Ottawa ON K1P 5V5; Phone: (613) 238-8181; Fax: (613) 233-2116; Email: Eloring@tapirisat.ca

Project Team:

Derek Muir, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON; Ann Roberts, Nunavut Government, Department of Health and Social Services, Iqaluit, NU;
Salome Qaunaq, Baffin Regional Contaminants Coordinator, Qikiqtani Inuit Association, Iqaluit, NU;
Eric Ukpatiku, Kivalliq Regional Contaminants Coordinator, Kivalliq Inuit Association, Rankin Inlet, NU

Abstract

Building on the success of Eastern Arctic Contaminants Tour in 2000, a team consisting of a program representative, an Aboriginal partner, a health specialist and a scientist visited three communities in Nunavut in February 2001 to conduct information sessions on contaminants. Sessions held at both the local school and for the general public in each community included discussions on the following topics: where contaminants come from; contaminants in the ecosystem and food chain; contaminants and human health; ongoing activities; and other concerns that members of the community had in relation to contaminants, wildlife, waste and health issues. A good two-way dialogue was established, which helped everyone understand the issues and concerns. Unfortunately, scheduling problems postponed a tour for the Kivalliq region; it will be rescheduled for fall 2001.

Key Project Messages

The use of community tours appears to be an effective way of presenting contaminant-related information to a variety of audiences.

Kivalliq Inuit Association Regional Contaminants Coordinator: A Five-Year Strategy of Communication and Action on Contaminant Issues in the Canadian Arctic

Project Leader:

Eric Ukpatiku. Regional Contaminant Coordinator, Kivalliq Inuit Association, P.O. Box 340 Rankin Inlet, NU X0C 0G0; Phone: (867) 645-2810; Fax: (867) 645-3855; E-mail: emanick@arctic.ca

Project Team:

Luis Manzo, Kivalliq Inuit Association, Rankin Inlet, NU; Qikiqtani Inuit Association, Iqaluit, NU;
Nunavut Research Institute, Iqaluit, NU; Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON

Abstract

There is a history of miscommunication regarding contaminants issues in Inuit communities; such instances have led to degrees of alarm, apprehension and mistrust. Major obstacles to effective communications have been language and cultural barriers. With the introduction of the Regional Contaminants Coordinators (RCCs), this apprehension, mistrust and alarm have been somewhat mitigated; now someone from the region can explain to community residents, in plain language, about contaminants. Promising communication strategies have been developed at the community level and the cross-pollination of ideas has occurred, at least informally, at the regional and inter-regional levels.

Key Project Messages

The communities of Kivalliq have a broad range of concerns related to contaminants and their effects on wildlife and the people who consume these animals. The presence of a local individual who can deliver messages about contaminants has helped ease tensions within the region and defuse potential mistrust and misunderstanding between communities and scientists working on contaminant issues.

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Human Health

Time-Related Changes in Trans-Nonachlor, Trans-Chlordane and Oxychlordane Levels in
Rat Tissues

Project Leader:

Genevieve Bondy, Toxicology Research Division, Postal Locator 2204D2, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2; Phone:(613) 957-2051; Fax: (613) 941-6959; E-mail: Genevieve_Bondy@hc-sc.gc.ca

Project Team:

Michael Barker, Gerard Cooke, Ivan Curran, Josée Doucet, Santokh Gill, Eric Lok, Rekha Mehta, Olga Pulido, Patrick Robertson and Paul Rowsell, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON: Ross Norstrom and John Moisey, Environment Canada, Gatineau (Hull Sector), Qc

Abstract:

Oxychlordane and trans-nonachlor are bioaccumulative contaminants related to the pesticide chlordane that have been detected in the Arctic marine food chain. Recent studies indicate that trans-nonachlor and its major metabolite oxychlordane are among the most toxic chlordane-related contaminants, and that they are more toxic to female rats than male rats. The present study was designed to examine changes in trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane residue levels in male and female rats over time to clarify the relationships between residue accumulation, total body fat and changes in biomarkers for organ and cellular toxicity. Rats were exposed to either trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane or trans-chlordane by gavage for 28 consecutive days and necropsied 1, 28 and 56 days after the final dose. With the exception of a single female rat that died of oxychlordane toxicity at the end of the dosing period, no overt toxicity was observed in any treatment group. No visible lesions were observed in treated rats at necropsy, including the affected female. Analyses are in progress to measure changes in tissue residue levels and functional biomarkers in control and treated rats.

Key Project Message

Although tissue and data analyses are still in progress, this study will address the following questions to provide key messages in the future:

Why is trans-nonachlor more toxic to female rats than to male rats?
How stable is trans-nonachlor in fat and other tissues? Oxychlordane is the primary metabolite of trans-nonachlor. Do oxychlordane levels in fat gradually increase and trans-nonachlor levels decline after exposure?
Is there a relationship between levels of trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane in tissues and toxicity, especially after time has elapsed since the initial exposure?
Are there changes in tissue oxychlordane and trans-chlordane enantiomer ratios over time? This will address fundamental questions about the relationship between the chirality of chlordane-related contaminants and their toxicity.

Dietary Effects on Methylmercury Toxicity in Rats

Project Leader:

Laurie Chan, Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9; Phone: (514) 398-7765; Fax: (514) 398-1020; E-mail: laurie.chan@mcgill.ca

Project Team:

Stan Kubow, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC; Rekha Mehta and Eric Lok, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON

Abstract:

This ongoing project is designed to study the possible effects of dietary modulations on mercury toxicity. Mercury accumulates in fish and marine mammals. Therefore, Inuit who consume a traditional diet may be exposed to higher levels of mercury. However, the traditional diet also contains rich sources of beneficial nutrients such as protein, oil, vitamins and minerals. There is some evidence that these nutrients may protect against mercury toxicity. This project will study effects of these nutrients on mercury toxicity by feeding rats diets containing different nutrient compositions. Results will be useful for characterization of the health risk of mercury in the Inuit diet.

Key Project Message

There is some evidence that nutrients in the traditional Inuit diet such as protein, oil, vitamins and minerals may protect against mercury (Hg) toxicity.
This project is studying the effects of these nutrients on Hg toxicity by feeding rats diets containing different nutrient compositions.
Results from this project are not yet available.

Estimation of Site-Specific Dietary Exposure to Contaminants in Two Inuit Communities

Project Leader:

Laurie H.M. Chan, Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9; Phone: (514) 398-7765; Fax: (514) 398-1020; E-mail: laurie.chan@mcgill.ca

Project Team:

Peter Berti, PATH Canada, Ottawa, ON; Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON

Abstract:

The Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment conducted a dietary survey for 18 Inuit communities in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in 1998 to 2000. A preliminary contaminant exposure assessment was conducted using contaminant data from an existing database. A more site-specific exposure assessment was conducted for two communities – Chesterfield Inlet and Igloolik – that had among the highest risks of exposure according to the preliminary estimate. A total of 64 samples of traditional/country food that are either the major contaminant contributors or were missing from the database were collected and their contaminant concentrations were measured. The new estimates for organochlorine intake are lower than the previous estimates. The mean intakes for chlordane and toxaphene are still higher than the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) and the revised 95th centile intake levels exceed the PTDI by about 10-fold. The revised mean daily heavy metal intake levels are similar to the previous estimate. The revised mean mercury intake is higher than the PTDI in both communities. The intake of chlordane, toxaphene and mercury in these two communities remains a concern.

Key Project Message

The organochlorine (OC) intake levels in Chesterfield Inlet and Igloolik are lower than previously estimated.
The intake of chlordane, toxaphene and mercury in these two communities remains a concern.

Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Organochlorines and Mercury on the Immune System of Inuit Infants

Project Leader:

Éric Dewailly, Public Health Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), (CHUL), 2400 rue d’Estimauville, Beauport, QC G1E 7G9; Phone: (418) 666-7000 (ext 222); Fax: (418) 666-2776; E-mail: Eric.Dewailly@crchul.ulaval.ca

Project Team:

Frédéric Dallaire, Carole Vézina, Gina Muckle, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL) and Laval University, Beauport, QC;
Houda Bilrha, Raynald Roy, Rhumatology-Immunology Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL), Ste-Foy, QC;
Pierre Ayotte, Gaston de Serres, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL) and Laval University, Beauport, QC; Jean Philippe Weber, Qué
bec Toxicology Center-CHUQ CHUL), Ste-Foy, QC; Claire Infante-Rivard, McGill University, Montreal, QC;
Joseph Jacobson, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Marthe Belles-Iles, Rhumatology-Immunology Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL), Ste-Foy, QC

Abstract:

This project is nested in the ongoing PCBs and Infant Development Study. The objective is to examine the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to organochlorines and mercury on the incidence of infection and immune system parameters during the first year of life. A total of 244 mothers have agreed to participate in the study and 190 infant medical charts should be available for review. Of these, a subgroup of 115 infants were selected for the immunological analysis. So far, 130 charts have been reviewed and biological analyses (cytokines [IL-10 and TNF-a] and Hib antibodies) were performed on 60 samples. In preliminary statistical analysis, there seems to be an association between prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and incidence of infections. However, only crude analyses were performed and no conclusion can yet be drawn since potential confounders were not considered. Data collection will continue until September 2002 and the project will be completed in March 2003.

Key Project Message

This study investigates possible detrimental effects on the immune system of Inuit infants which may be induced by prenatal and postnatal exposure to persistent environmental contaminants such as organochlorine (OC) compounds and heavy metals?.
A total of 190 infant medical charts will be reviewed. Of them, a subgroup of 115 infants were selected for the assessment of immune system functions. So far, 130 charts have been reviewed and biological analyses were performed on 60 samples.
Data collection is still ongoing. Only preliminary statistical analyses have been performed and no definitive results are available yet. The project will be completed in March 2003.

Mercury in Salluit: Effects of Mercury on Oxidative Status and Sensorimotor Functions

Project Leader:

Éric Dewailly, Public Health Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), (CHUL), 2400 rue d’Estimauville, Beauport, QC G1E 7G9; Phone: (418) 666-7000; Fax: (418) 666-2776, E-mail: eric.dewailly@crchul.ulaval.ca

Project Team:

Anne Beuter, Cognitive Neuroscience Centre, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC;
Pierre Ayotte and Suzanne Bruneau, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL), Beauport, QC;
Marc-Édouard Mirault, Health and Environment Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL);
Minnie Grey, Nunavik Nutrition and Health Committee, Kuujjuaq, QC;
Jean-Philippe Weber, Quebec Toxicology Centre, Quebec National Institute of Public Health, Ste-Foy, QC

Abstract:

Among all contaminants present in different aquatic ecosystems in Canada, methylmercury is a major source of concern for public health. Some studies (Grandjean et al. 1994) suggest that methylmercury toxicity can be detected at levels far below the lowest observed adverse effect level proposed by the World Health Organization (10 to15 ppm in maternal hair). Thus, it seems important to determine with precision the minimal dose at which oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects can be identified. The main goal of this project is to investigate the effects of mercury on sensorimotor functions and on markers of oxidative stress in the population of Salluit, Nunavik (northern Quebec). A total of 113 individuals were tested for neuromotor performances and also agreed to give a sample of urine, blood and hair for analysis of mercury and persistent organic pollutants. Results are not available at this time.

Key Project Message

This study aims at studying subtle effects mercury (Hg) can have on brain functions.
Measurements done in the blood will tell us more about early signs of Hg toxicity, particularly concerning cardiovascular disease.

Sociodemographic Factors Influencing Nutrition and Contaminant Exposure in Nunavik

Project Leader:

Éric Dewailly, Public Health Research Unit, Laval University Medical Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), 2400 rue d’Estimauville Beauport, QC G1E 7G9; Phone: (418) 666-7000 (ext 222); Fax: (418) 666-2776; E-mail: eric.dewailly@crchul.ulaval.ca

Project Team:

Carole Blanchet, Suzanne Gingras, Christopher Furgal and Suzanne Bruneau, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ, Beauport, QC

Abstract:

This study examined contaminant and nutrient intake through traditional/country foods among the Inuit population of Nunavik according to various sociodemographic factors. Results showed that the median traditional/country food intake was higher among Inuit 40 years of age and older than among Inuit 18-39 years old. Mean age adjusted traditional/country food intake decreased as the level of formal education increased. Inuit living in couples appeared to have a higher level of traditional/country food intake than single, divorced or widowed Inuit. Results also showed that the median contaminant intake increased with age and the geometric mean age adjusted contaminant intake was higher among Inuit receiving less formal education, among those living in couples and among Inuit living in households of six persons or more. For several nutrients, mean age adjusted intake was higher among residents living in Ungava coast communities as compared with residents of Hudson coast communities. Results showed that with an increase in the level of formal education completed by an individual, the more their diet was comprised of some nutrients that are commonly deficient in Inuit diets. Similar nutrient intakes were observed among Inuit living in couples, notably among one-family households. Inuit who did not have a job had a lower mean intake of nutrients as compared to Inuit having one or more jobs. These results may be helpful in identifying which segments of the population (as defined by some traditional sociodemographic variables) are “at risk” for certain contaminant exposures and nutrient deficiencies, as related to traditional/country food consumption. This information will help public health authorities in Nunavik to target and design effective food protection and promotion strategies for the consumption of traditional/country foods for specific groups within the Nunavik population.

Key Project Message

Some sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, employment, marital status, etc.) are similar among Nunavimmiut with a higher level of traditional/country food consumption, higher contaminant exposures, and more frequently having certain nutritional deficiencies.
Differences in contaminant and nutrient intake can be related to such things as availability of and access to certain traditional/country food species and market food items.
The identification of the relationships between sociodemographic factors and traditional/country food consumption, nutrient intake, and contaminant exposure can be used by public health authorities to identify specific "at risk" groups in Nunavik and better understand the potential factors related to their levels of contaminant exposure and nutritional status.

Spatial and Temporal Trends of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Concentrations in Human Milk from Arctic Canada

Project Leader:

Éric Dewailly, Public Health Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), CHUL, 2400 rue d’Estimauville, Beauport, QC G1E 4G2; Phone: (418) 666-7000 (ext 222); Fax:(418) 666-2776; E-mail: Eric.Dewailly@crchul.ulaval.ca

Project Team:

Daria Pereg and Gina Muckle, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL), Beauport, QC;
Sylvie Dodin, Endocrinologie-reproduction, CHUQ, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Saint-François D'Assise, Québec, QC;
Pierre Ayotte, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL), Beauport, QC;
Brian Fowler and Coreen Hamilton, Axys Analytical Services Ltd., Sidney, BC

Abstract:

Organochlorines are persistent food chain contaminants to which the Inuit of Nunavik (northern Quebec) are exposed through their traditional diet. The first objective of this study was to determine the current breast milk concentrations of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlordibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in this population, and compare these data with those obtained in a breast-milk survey carried out in 1990. Our results show a statistically significant 75% decrease in concentrations of dioxin-like compounds in breast milk during the last decade. This decline is consistent with results from other studies carried out worldwide, but seems to be of greater magnitude, and occurred despite the high deposition rates of dioxins and furans predicted in northern latitudes by long-range atmospheric transport models. The current levels of dioxin-like compounds found in breast milk from Nunavik women are now similar to those found in populations exposed to background levels in southern latitudes.

Key Project Message

The breast milk concentrations of dioxin-like compounds in Inuit women of Nunavik have greatly decreased during the last decade.
The deposition of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in Arctic Canada suggested by a recent modeling study is not reflected by the body burden of dioxin-like compounds in Inuit women of child-bearing age residing in Nunavik.

Decision Making and Diet in the North:
Balancing the Physical, Economic and Social Components

Project Leader:

Chris Furgal, Public Health Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), (CHUL), 2400 rue d’Estimauville, Beauport, QC G1E 7G9; Phone: (418) 666-7000 (ext 555); Fax: (418) 666-2776; E-mail: Christopher.Furgal@crchul.ulaval.ca

Project Team:

Susie Bernier, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL), Beauport, QC;
Gaston Godin, Health-Related Behaviours, Laval University, Québec, QC;
Suzanne Gingras, Dany Laverdière, Jacques Grondin and Éric Dewailly, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL), Beauport, QC

Abstract:

This project addressed two gaps in our understanding of how to effectively manage traditional/country food and contaminant issues in the North: the lack of understanding of how best to include social and cultural benefits and risks associated with traditional/country foods in decision-making processes; and the lack of understanding of the determinants of food choice. This project identified and reviewed potential social and cultural benefits and risks associated with traditional/country foods and food-related activities in the North. A process and the need for their consideration and inclusion in risk management concerning human health and contaminants were then outlined. Over the 2 years of this project, a culturally specific questionnaire was developed, tested and applied to 251 Inuit residents of Kuujjuaq to provide a quantitative assessment of determinants of food choice. Results indicate that perceived behavioural control (i.e. how easy or difficult a person perceives adopting a behaviour) is the strongest predictor of intention to eat traditional/country food three times a week or more, while personal normative belief (i.e. personal feeling of obligation to adopt the behaviour), followed by emotion (i.e. personal feelings associated with the behaviour) and perceived behavioural control are the best predictors of intention to eat store-bought food every day. This is the first quantitative data on this topic in the North to date. Both the development of processes to include cultural and social benefits and risks in decision-making activities, and the identification of the determinants of food choice in Kuujjuaq, increase our understanding of how to effectively make decisions and implement intervention and education programs related to traditional/country foods and contaminants in the Canadian North.

Key Project Message

The collection, consumption, distribution and preparation of traditional/country foods are reported to define, maintain, express and increase aspects of social, cultural and spiritual well-being in the North.
Information on the specific social and cultural benefits associated with traditional/country foods must be collected and made available for consideration in decision-making processes on health and contaminants.
Knowledge of contaminants was not found to be a major determinant of the intention to eat traditional/country food. How easy or difficult a person thought eating traditional/country food three times a week or more would be, was the strongest determinant in intention to eat traditional/country food. Feelings, either like or dislike, for the daily consumption of store-bought food, personal belief in this behaviour and the perceived ease or difficulty of adopting it every day were the majorinfluences on an individual’s intent to consume store-bought food.
The determinants identified in the course of this study explain approximately half of the variance in intent to eat traditional/country food and more than half of the variance in intent to eat store-bought food.

Contaminants and Human Health in the Canadian Arctic: an Update

Project Leader:

Northern Contaminants Program Human Health Review Team

Project Team:

Jay Van Oostdam, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON;
Sarah Kalhok, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Gatineau (Hull Sector), Qc;
Pierre Ayotte, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL) and Laval University, Beauport, QC;
Janet Beauvais and Mark Feeley, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON;
Chris Furgal, Nunavik Nutrition and Health Committee and Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ (CHUL), Beauport, QC;
Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON; Erica Myles, Department of Health and Social Services, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT;
Ron Pearson, Department of Health and Social Services, Government of the Yukon Territory; Olivier Receveur, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC;
Ann Roberts, Department of Health and Social Services, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, NU.

Abstract:

The Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) is midway through its second phase, and is at a stage in which several multi-year human health-related studies have been recently completed or are nearing completion. Meanwhile, the NCP and the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program are gearing up for their next major assessment reports. Consequently, a need was identified to take stock of the new state of knowledge with respect to contaminant exposure, effects, toxicology, and benefits and risks of traditional/country food consumption, and to synthesize results in a broader context. A workshop, Contaminants and Human Health in the Canadian Arctic: an Update, organized by the NCP Human Health Review Team, was held in Ottawa, Ontario on February 7 and 8, 2001. It brought together approximately 60 key researchers and others with an interest in contaminants and health in the North to focus on contaminants-related research and results since the 1997 Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report. These recent findings will be used to revise the NCP Blueprints, as appropriate, and plan for Phase III. This report summarizes presentations given at the workshop; full proceedings of the workshop will be available by the fall 2001.

Key Project Message

There is a need to take stock of new information on contaminant exposure, effects, toxicology, and benefits and risks of traditional/country food consumption, and to synthesize these results in a broader context of overall health in the North.
A workshop was held in February 2001 so that scientists and others identified as having an interest in contaminants and health in the North could discuss recent study results, identify knowledge gaps and draw conclusions.
The information presented and discussed at this workshop will be incorporated in the upcoming major assessments by the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) – the Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report II – and by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), and will be used when revising NCP blueprints and setting priorities for NCP Phase III.

Food Choice Decisions by Western Arctic Aboriginal Women and Children, Year 1

Project Leader:

Harriet V. Kuhnlein, Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road., Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9; Phone: (514) 398-7671; Fax: (514) 398-1020; E-mail: harriet.kuhnlein@mcgill.ca

Project Team:

Cindy Dickson, Council of Yukon First Nations, Whitehorse, YT; Allison Armstrong, Dene Nation, Yellowknife, NT

Abstract:

Factors influencing food choices by Aboriginal women and children, and children’s dietary patterns were investigated in five Western Arctic Communities: three in the Northwest Territories and two in the Yukon. Research tools included focus groups, interviews of women, and dietary interviews of children aged 10 to 12 years. Data are now being entered into databases. These preliminary data revealed 28 factors influencing food choice that can be placed into five broad categories; the cost of food and food availability were the two most important categories of factors reported by women. Contaminants were rarely mentioned as a reason why people selected, or would not select, one food or another. Additional interviews will be conducted in 2001-2002.

Key Project Message

Leaders and participants in meetings of the Dene Nation and the Council of Yukon First Nations as well as Aboriginal women and 10- to12-year-old children in five Western Arctic communities were asked questions about food choice decisions during the summer and autumn of 2000.
Preliminary data revealed 28 factors influencing food choice. These can be grouped into five broad categories. The cost of food and food availability were the two most important categories of factors reported by women respondents. Contaminants were rarely mentioned as a reason why people selected, or would not select, one food or another.
Interviews will continue during 2001-2002 to further investigate these preliminary findings.

Nutrient Benefits of Arctic Traditional/Country Food

Project Leader:

Harriet Kuhnlein, Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment (CINE), Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9; Phone: (514) 398-7757; Fax: (514) 398-1020; E-mail: harriet.kuhnlein@mcgill.ca

Project Team:

Laurie H.M. Chan, CINE, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC; Robert Peace and Nick Hidiroglou, Nutrition Division, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON;
Allison Armstrong, Dene Nation, Yellowknife, NT; Cindy Dickson, Council of Yukon First Nations, Whitehorse, YT;
Eric Loring, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON

Abstract:

Food items known as traditional/country foods of Arctic Aboriginal peoples, and that are considered favorite or unique foods, or that were frequently consumed as determined during a dietary evaluation study, were sampled and analyzed for several nutrients. Reported here are selected analyses prioritized by food and nutrient, and the need for additional data. Most of the values reported here are first reports of these nutrients in these foods. Nutrient data from this study are now incorporated into a database used for nutrient analysis of dietary records of Arctic Aboriginal peoples. New data are presented for fatty acids, proximate composition, minerals and vitamin D. These data contribute substantially to the existing traditional/country food composition database. Knowledge of nutrient contents in Arctic traditional/country food is important for nutrition education initiatives of Aboriginal peoples, and for understanding global food diversity.

Key Project Message

Several unique traditional/country food items of Arctic Aboriginal peoples were analyzed for their nutrient contents. Foods such as fat made from caribou bone and grizzly bear bone, caribou bone marrow, caribou brain, seal and walrus liver, fish roe, whale skin, berries and spruce sap were collected from Arctic communities in partnership with local residents familiar with these foods.
Arctic traditional/country foods are rich sources of nutrients.
Burbot liver is an excellent source of vitamin D, as is Arctic char and beluga fat.
Most Arctic foods are good sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
General mineral levels in animal flesh foods are high; consuming these foods can contribute to good health.

Transplacental Exposure to PCBs and Infant Development/Human Exposure Assessment

Project Leader:

Gina Muckle, Public Health Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), Pavillon CHUL and Department of Preventative Medicine, Laval University, 2400 rue D'Estimauville, Beauport QC G1E 7G9; Phone: (418) 666-7000 (ext 360); Fax: (418) 666-2776; Email:Gina.Muckle@crchul.ulaval.ca

Researchers:

Eric Dewailly and Pierre Ayotte, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ, Pavillon CHUL and Department of Preventative Medicine, Laval University, Beauport, QC;
Joseph L. Jacobson, Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Sandra W. Jacobson, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

Project Team:

Karine Poitras, Carole Vézina, Jocelyne Gagnon, Christine Bouffard, Public Health Research Unit, CHUQ, Pavillon CHUL and Department of Preventative Medicine, Laval University, Beauport, QC; Lisa Chiodo, Sonia Narang, Brenda Tuttle, Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to examine the consequences of in utero and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on Inuit infants, from birth to 12 months of age. Of particular interest is the impact of exposure on newborn thyroid hormone levels and physical growth, on the infant’s overall health, mental, psychomotor and neurobehavioural development, and on visual and spatial information processing abilities. The data collection of this ongoing study started in November 1995 and will end in 2002. The continuation of data collection was the main activity carried out in 2000-2001. The data collection in Greenland began in March 2000. To date, 244 Nunavik mothers have completed the prenatal interview and 204 have completed the postnatal interview; 168 infants were assessed at 6.5 months and 156 were assessed at 11 months of age. No preliminary results are available regarding the effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and effects analysis will wait until we get the final sample size of 300 11-month-old infants (200 from Nunavik, 100 from Greenland).

Key Project Message

The data collection of this ongoing study started in November 1995 and will end in 2002. To date, 244 Nunavik mothers have completed the prenatal interview and 204 have completed the postnatal interview; 168 infants were assessed at 6.5 months and 156 were assessed at 11 months of age.
There are no preliminary results available regarding the effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on infant health and development. Effects analysis will wait until we obtain the final sample size.
Analyses completed in the past year corroborated previous findings relating marine mammal and fish consumption to increased mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) body burden. Despite widespread knowledge regarding the presence of these contaminants in traditional foods, a large proportion of Inuit women increased their consumption of these foods during pregnancy, due primarily to pregnancy-related changes in food preferences and the belief that these foods are beneficial during pregnancy.
Prenatal exposure to PCBs in the Nunavik cohort is similar to that reported in the Dutch cohort but much lower than those in other Arctic cohorts (Faroe Islands and Greenland). Prenatal exposure to Hg was similar to that found in the Faroe Islands cohort but lower than that documented in the Seychelles Islands and New Zealand cohorts.
Levels of N3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma phospholipids and Se in blood are relatively high in the Nunavik cohort.
The moderate correlations observed between organochlorine (OC) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in the Nunavik cohort will allow us to tease out the specific developmental deficits attributable to each toxin. Similarly, the weak correlations noted between environmental contaminants and nutrients will facilitate the documentation of possible protective effects afforded by either N3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or Se against neurotoxic contaminants.
PCB 153 plasma concentrations in 6-month-old infants were poorly predicted by maternal plasma concentrations alone. A model that included maternal PCB 153 plasma concentration, the duration of breast feeding and an estimate of the infant body fat mass provided a good prediction of PCB 153 plasma concentration at 6 months postpartum. Models developed in the present study may be used to reliably predict prenatal and postnatal exposure to PCBs in populations environmentally exposed to these compounds

Follow-Up of Preschool Age Children Exposed to PCBs and Mercury through Fish and Marine Mammal Consumption.

Project Leader:

Researchers:

Éric Dewailly and Pierre Ayotte, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ, Pavillon CHUL and Department of Preventative Medicine, Laval University, Beauport, QC;
Célyne H. Bastien, Department of Psychology, Laval University, Beauport, QC;
Anne Beuter, Cognitive Neuroscience Centre, University of Quebec, Montreal;
Marie-Sylvie Roy, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal;
Annie Veilleux, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, QC

Project Team:

Karine Poitras, Carole Vézina, Public Health Research Unit-CHUQ, Pavillon CHUL, Beauport, QC;
Christine Després, Cognitive Neuroscience Centre, University of Quebec, Montreal;
Dave Saint-Amour, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal QC

Abstract:

Two data collection trips were conducted during the year 2000-2001 and enabled testing a total of 59 children. There are no results to present at this stage in relation to the study objectives. Nevertheless, data are available to describe the participation rate, socio-demographic characteristics of the sample, country food consumption, prenatal and current exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury. We are confident that the next field trips, planned for year 2001-2002 will enable testing another 50 children and that the sample size of 100 children will be reached.

Key Project Message

Two data collection trips were conducted during the year 2000-2001 and enabled testing a total of 59 children.
There are no results to present at this stage in relation to the study objectives. Data are available to describe the participation rate, socio-demographic characteristics of the sample, country food consumption, prenatal and contemporaneous exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (Hg).

Inuvik Regional Human Contaminants Monitoring Program: Communication Activities

Project Leader:

Valoree Walker, Aurora Research Institute, c/o Inuvik Regional Health and Social Services Board, Bag Service #2, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0; Phone (867) 777-3298; Fax (867) 777-4264; E-mail: val_walker@gov.nt.ca

Project Team:

Karen Tofflemire, Program Coordinator, Inuvik Regional Health and Social Services Board, Inuvik, NT;
Bill Wrathall, Inuvik Regional Health and Social Services Board, Inuvik, NT;
Eleanor Wein, Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; Jay Van Oostdam, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON

Abstract:

The Inuvik Regional Health and Social Services Board initiated the Inuvik Regional Human Contaminants Monitoring Program in 1997. The overall objective of this study was to establish baseline levels of specific heavy metal and organochlorine contaminants in the blood of women and their newborns from communities in the Inuvik Region, Northwest Territories. Collection of data from this region completed the Northwest Territories database, since this type of data has already been gathered from all other Health Board regions of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Results of this program can be found in the Synopsis of Research Conducted Under the Northern Contaminants Program 1999-2000 (Walker et al. 2000), as well as in the regional report (Tofflemire 2000). Relationships were explored between contaminant levels in maternal blood and contaminant levels in neonatal blood. The program also described the relationships of contaminant exposure through the consumption of traditional food, and through certain other lifestyle factors. The focus of the 2000-2001 fiscal year was to distribute individual results, communicate regional results to communities, produce and disseminate a regional report and continue with educating professionals and the general public regarding contaminants in the North. The project came to a close in July 2000.

Key Project Message

Most contaminants measured were found in low levels in the Inuvik region. The results tended to be lower than in the Eastern Arctic and other regions, such as Greenland.
Traditional food consumption is important for women of reproductive age.
Education and communication of results are essential to the success of a research initiative. Communications should take place throughout all aspects of the program, starting at its creation, and continue following the production of reports.

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International Policy and Program Management

Canadian Arctic Indigenous Peoples Against Persistent Organic Pollutants: Support for International Action

Project Leader:

Terry Fenge, c/o Inuit Circumpolar Conference Canada, 170 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 504, Ottawa, ON K1P 5V5; Phone: (613) 563-2642; Fax: (613) 565-3089; E-mail: tuktu@magi.com

Project Team:

Council of Yukon First Nations, Whitehorse, YT; Dene Nation, Yellowknife, NT; Inuit Circumpolar Conference Canada, Ottawa, ON;
Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa, ON; Stephanie Meakin, Technical Advisor, Meakin Consultants Inc., Kemptville, ON

Abstract:

Four northern Aboriginal organizations – Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) Canada, Dene Nation and the Council of Yukon First Nations – have, as a coalition, participated in international negotiations to ban and/or phase out the use of key persistent organic pollutants (POPs) brought to the Arctic by wind currents where they bioaccumulate in the food web. Significant levels of POPs are found in Aboriginal people who eat large quantities of traditional/country food containing POPs. The involvement of the coalition has been well received nationally and internationally, and the recently concluded global POPs convention in Stockholm singles out the Arctic and Indigenous peoples. That it does so reflects the advocacy of the coalition, the Government of Canada and certain other Arctic nations attuned to Indigenous peoples. The coalition participated and intervened in all negotiations in Montreal, Nairobi, Geneva, Bonn and Johannesburg. Speeches delivered at these negotiations on behalf of Inuit and the coalition by Sheila Watt-Cloutier, President of ICC Canada, can be found on the ICC Canada Web site (inuitcircumpolar.com).

Key Project Message

Northern Aboriginal peoples are able to influence global POPs negotiations.
The Government of Canada's substantive position and negotiating posture in global POPs discussions is markedly strengthened by working with northern Aboriginal peoples.
Arctic nations and Aboriginal peoples working co-operatively through the Arctic Council were able to significantly steer the agenda on the global POPs negotiations.

Facilitation of International Action Related to Long-Range Transport of Contaminants into the Arctic

Project Leader:

David Stone, Northern Science and Contaminants Research, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 10 Wellington Street, Gatineau(Hull Sector),Qc K1A 0H4; Phone: (819) 997-0045; Fax: (819) 953-9066; E-mail: StoneD@ainc-inac.gc.ca

Project Team:

Northern Contaminants Program Management Committee

Abstract:

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from distant sources are transported mainly via the atmosphere to the Arctic where they accumulate in humans and in the Arctic food chain. The Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) supports the development of international controls on the use of these substances of concern. The support for these controls includes the following three initiatives: (1) the POPs protocol under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, for which work is continuing to ensure compatibility of contaminant trends and survey activities under the NCP with trends and survey information gathering under the Convention; (2) facilitating negotiation of global actions on POPs, for which Canada has contributed $20 million for capacity building in developing countries in support of these negotiations; and, (3) cooperative actions under the Arctic Council, including contributing to the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) which monitors the levels of, and assesses the effects of, anthropogenic pollutants in the circumpolar Arctic environment.

Key Project Message

The United Nations Environment Programme Global Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) became available for signatures in June 2001. Canada was the first country to ratify the Convention.
An Expert Group has been established by the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) to consider the possible addition of substances to the Aarhus POPs Protocol.
A global assessment of mercury has been initiated for completion by 2003.
The second Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) report will be completed in the autumn of 2002.

Northwest Territories Environmental Contaminants Committee

Project Leader:

Carole Mills, Chair, Northwest Territories Environmental Contaminants Committee (NWTECC) Contaminants Division, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND), P.O. Box 1500, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2R3; Phone: (867) 669-2665; Fax: (867) 669-2833,Email: millsc@ainc-inac.gc.ca

Project Team:

Members of the NWTECC, including representatives from: Dene Nation, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Inuvialuit Game Council, Gwich'in Tribal Council, Sahtu Secretariat, Deh Cho First Nations, Dogrib Treaty 11, Akaitcho Territory Tribal Council, North Slave Métis, South Slave Métis; DIAND; Environment Canada;
Department of Fisheries and Oceans; Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT), Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development; Government of the Northwest Territories Health; and Aurora Research Institute

Abstract:

The Northwest Territories Environmental Contaminants Committee (NWTECC) membership is composed of representatives from various departments of the federal and territorial governments as well as national and regional Aboriginal partners. The Committee meets regularly throughout the year to facilitate scientific study and assessments, as well as the communication of information to Northerners on the presence and possible effects of contaminants in the environment. The NWTECC also facilitates the communication of northern priorities to researchers. The NWTECC met seven times in 2000-2001.

Key Project Message

The Northwest Territories Environmental Contaminants Committee (NWTECC) enabled 16 different Aboriginal and government organizations in the NWT to coordinate their activities related to contaminants.
The NWTECC provided a forum for discussion and two-way transfer of contaminants-related information among Northerners of the Northwest Territories (NWT), researchers and programs such as the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP).

Nunavut Environmental Contaminants Committee

Project Leader:

Carole Mills, Contaminants Division, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND), P.O. Box 1500, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2R3; Phone: (867) 669-2665; Fax: (867) 669-2833, E-mail: millsc@inac.gc.ca;
Glen Stephens, Chair, Nunavut Environmental Contaminants Committee, DIAND, P.O. Box 2200, Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0; Phone: (867) 975-4549; Fax: (867) 975-4560; E-mail: stephensg@inac.gc.ca

Project Team:

Members of the Nunavut Environmental Contaminants Committee, including representatives from: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Environment Canada, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Kivalliq Inuit Association, Kivalliq Wildlife Federation, Nunavut Department of Health and Social Services, Nunavut Department of Sustainable Development, Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, Nunavut Water Board, Qikiqtani Inuit Association, and Qikitaaluk Wildlife Board

Abstract:

The Nunavut Environmental Contaminants Committee (NECC) membership is composed of representatives from various departments of the federal and territorial governments as well as national and regional Aboriginal partners. The Committee meets regularly throughout the year to facilitate scientific studies and assessments, the communication of information to Northerners on the presence and possible effects of contaminants in the environment, and the communication of northern priorities to researchers. The NECC met several times this year to discuss various contaminant-related issues, including a two-day in-person meeting to review the Northern Contaminants Program proposals that were relevant to Nunavut.

Key Project Message

The Nunavut Environmental Contaminants Committee (NECC) exists to serve the unique interests and concerns of Nunavut residents with respect to environmental contaminants.
The NECC assists in the process of collaborative study, assessment and communication of information to Nunavut residents concerning the presence and possible effects of contaminants in the air, land, water, wildlife and humans.

Yukon Contaminants Committee Communications

Project Leader:

Mark Palmer and Pat Roach, Chairs, Yukon Contaminants Committee, Department of Indian and Northern Development, Yukon Region, 345-300 Main St., Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2B5; Phone: 867-667-3139; Fax: 867-667-3341; E-mail: roachp@ainc-inac.gc.ca

Project Team:

Yukon Contaminants Committee: Cindy Dickson and Theresa Kendi, Council of Yukon First Nations, Whitehorse, YT;
Joan Eamer, Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Whitehorse, YT;
Ruth Hall, Yukon Territorial Government, Department of Renewable Resources, Whitehorse, YT;
Joy Kajiwara and Ron Pearson, Yukon Territorial Government, Department of Health and Social Services;
Nancy Steffen, Applied Ecosystem Management, Whitehorse, YT;
Bob Van Dijken, Yukon Conservation Society, Whitehorse, YT

Abstract:

The Yukon Contaminants Committee (YCC) was established in 1992 and continues to coordinate research projects operated under the Northen Contaminants Program (NCP). The YCC consists of representatives from government, First Nations, non-government organizations, and private industry. The YCC reviews project submissions under the NCP, for scientific and socio-cultural relevance to Yukon communities, and makes recommendations to the NCP on the suitability of these projects for the Yukon. The YCC also provides a link between research professionals and the Yukon public. The Committee continues to evolve and grow through the addition of partners and changes in its membership. The YCC has remained a diverse and vital partner in Northern scientific research.

Key Project Message

The Yukon Contaminants Committee (YCC) has been active since 1992.
The YCC provides direction to, and reviews, research projects to ensure their relevance to Yukoners.
Diverse membership on the YCC ensures all aspects of the Yukon community are represented.
The YCC continues to grow and evolve with emerging issues and new partners.

Northern Contaminants Interlaboratory Quality Assurance Program for 2000-2001

Project Leader:

Yvonne D. Stokker, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute (NWRI), 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6; Phone: (905) 336-4869: Fax: (905) 336-8914; E-mail: yvonne.stokker@cciw.ca

Project Team:

Ed Kaminski, Environment Canada, NWRI, Burlington, ON; Members of the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) Quality Assurance (QA) Sub-committee; Measurement laboratories in the NCP QA Program

Abstract:

This report describes the quality assurance activities conducted during 2000-2001 in support of the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP). Interlaboratory assessments included one study on the analysis of heavy metals and methylmercury in muktuk, Arctic char fillets and burbot liver, and another on toxaphene in standard solutions and a lipid-free burbot liver extract. A third intercomparison on organotins in standard solutions, sediment and biota remains in progress. An investigation was also conducted into the need for assessing the quality of measurement data generated for stable lead isotopes. Lastly, this report also provides a summary of the target analytes and matrices under study during 2000-2001 in NCP-funded research projects.

Key Project Message

Considerable confidence can be placed in the reliability of data generated for the toxic heavy metals arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, selenium and zinc, while aluminum, chromium and nickel data show more variability between laboratories.
Methylmercury and total organic mercury data remain very comparable among the NCP measurement laboratories.
Organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are generally accurate and comparable at analyte concentrations > 1 ng·g^-1.
Because of the diversity in standards and quantitation techniques, toxaphene data should be scrutinized carefully, particularly those of total toxaphene measurements.

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Local Contaminants Concerns

Heavy Metal Analyses of Wild
Edible Mushrooms in the
North Great Slave Lake Region,
Northwest Territories

Project Leader:

Joachim Obst, Arctic Ecology and Development Consulting, P.O. Box 1888, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2P4; Phone: (867) 669-7084;E-mail: jobst@ssimicro.com

Project Team:

William Coedy, Taiga Environmental Laboratory, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Yellowknife, NT; Robert G. Bromley, Whole Arctic Consulting, Yellowknife, NT

Abstract

The analysis of potential contaminants in wild edible mushrooms is a requisite for the safe consumption of fungi by people in the Northwest Territories. From 1997 to 1999, samples of fungi and soil were collected in popular harvest areas of the North Great Slave Lake region, Northwest Territories, including sites exposed to emissions and sites in assumed pristine areas. Laboratory analysis revealed a positive relationship between concentrations of heavy metals in fungi and in soil. Accumulation of heavy metals in mushrooms was species-specific. Because of the high concentrations of metals in edible mushrooms of the North Great Slave region relative to all known national and international standards, extreme caution is urged in the selection of harvest sites. At locations close to roads, communities or mines, mushrooms should not be harvested at all. Mushrooms from the family Agaricaceae should be avoided completely because of their high bioaccumulation properties for toxic metals. Further assessment and public reporting is recommended.

Key Project Message

1. Avoid the consumption of mushrooms from contaminated sites and sites exposed to emissions.

Yukon Local Contaminants Concerns

Project Leader:

Project Team:

Yukon Contaminants Committee

Abstract

The Yukon Contaminants Committee (YCC) provides direction to the Local Contaminants Concerns (LCC) program. LCC is intended to address concerns raised by Yukon communities and individuals related to suspected local sources of contamination. In addition to planned projects, there are a number of unplanned or “walk-in” issues that arise every year. These issues arise over the course of an operational year and are typically initiated through a phone call or visit by persons with concerns associated with a specific contaminant or location. In some years the volume of these “walk-in” projects can represent a majority of the projects under LCC. 2000-2001 was an atypical year in that most of the program focus was on one planned project. Research conducted on Lake Laberge in 1990-1991 led to the implementation of a consumption advisory for lake trout flesh and burbot livers, which is still in place. LCC decided to revisit the Lake Laberge issue after a catch per unit effort study by the territorial Fisheries Division, in 1999, indicated that the population of lake trout had increased significantly since the previous study in 1991. A research project was initiated with the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Central and Arctic Region (Winnipeg), which had been involved in previous studies on the lake. The joint program is collecting fish for analysis to determine if contaminant levels in lake trout and burbot have changed in relation to population dynamics. This initial investigation will form the basis for a graduate thesis study to take place in 2001-2002 and 2002-2003.

Other work conducted under LCC was the analysis of lake trout from Mandana Lake provided by the Carmacks Little Salmon First Nation, as part of their implementation of self-government, through the land claims process.

Key Project Message

1. The Yukon Local Contaminants Concerns (LCC) program provides a timely response to local issues, provides a format to deal with unplanned, or “walk-in” concerns, identifies issues that may become major investigations under the Northern Contaminants Program or clean up projects under the Waste Management Program, and feeds into the local regulatory process for dealing with contaminated sites.

Risk Characterization of Arsenic Exposure from Consumption of Berries in the Akaitcho Territory

Project Leader:

Glen Stephens, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Contaminants Division, PO Box 1500, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2R3; Phone: (867) 669-2662; Fax: (867) 669-2833; Email: stephensg@ainc-inac.gc.ca
Allison Armstrong, Dene Nation, PO Box 2338, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2P8; Phone: (867) 873-4081; Fax: (867) 920-2254; Email: denenationkm@ssimicro.com

Project Team:

Laurie Chan, Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC;
Olivier Receveur, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC; Bob Dabeka, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON;
William Hendershot, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC

Abstract

This project is a follow-up to a previous study investigating arsenic in berries which found elevated levels in berries on mine sites. This study used exposure and dietary information from the previous study, and determined the type of arsenic present and its bioavailability. From this, risks to consumers from arsenic in berries were assessed and found to be minimal.

Key Project Message

1. Arsenic (As) in berries does not pose a significant health risk to consumers.

1999 Peel River Fish Contaminant Study

Project Leader:

Norman Snowshoe, Gwich'in Tribal Council, Box 1509, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0, Phone: (867) 777-4869, Fax: (867) 777-4538, Email: snowshoe@inuvik.net

Project Team:

Sam Stephenson, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Box 1871, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0, Phone: (867) 777-7503, Fax: (867) 777-7501, Email:StephensonS@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

Abstract

Due to continued concerns from Fort McPherson, NT residents regarding the safety of eating fish from the Peel River, a baseline study to determine the extent and type of possible contaminants present was conducted in 1999. A total of 30 fish, including ten each of inconnu (Stenodus leucichthys), broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) and burbot (Lota lota), were examined for a suite of heavy metals and organochlorines. All fish were captured by local fishermen at traditional fishing sites along the Peel River. Analysis shows that cadmium and lead levels were below detectable limits among all three species. Broad whitefish had the lowest quantities of heavy metals. The largest inconnu examined had an elevated mercury level. Two inconnu and one burbot had arsenic levels that exceeded consumption guidelines recommended by Agriculture and Health Canada.

Organochlorines were typically at low levels in inconnu and broad whitefish. Only burbot possessed high toxaphene levels and recommendations are made as to the safe amount that can be consumed per week. Because burbot are mainly eaten seasonally, it is unlikely that short-term consumption will cause a health risk. Based on the results of this study, these fish species from the Peel River are safe to eat. No additional study is required at this time.

Key Project Message

1. This study indicates that inconnu, broad whitefish and burbot from the Peel River are safe to eat.

Mercury Levels in Fish from Lakes in the Dogrib Region Surrounding Rae Lakes

Project Leader:

Melissa Stoddart, Gameti First Nation Band, (GFNB), P.O. Box 1, Rae Lakes, NT X0E 1R0; Phone: (867) 997-3441; Fax: (867) 997-3411; Email:mejstoddart@yahoo.com

Project Team:

Alfred Arrowmaker, William Chocolate and Francis Quitte, GFNB, Rae Lakes, NT; Doug and Lou Rankin, Rae Lakes, NT; Scott Foster, Grand Valley, ON

Abstract

This study investigated the presence of mercury and other metals in fish from two lakes in the Dogrib region surrounding Rae Lakes, Northwest Territories. In each lake, 10 muscle and liver samples were obtained from each lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum). Each fish was weighed, measured for fork length, and sampled for aging structures (otoliths) to evaluate the relationship between age/size and levels of mercury in the fish. The metal levels measured in the fish were compared with levels that are considered safe for consumption. Many of the metals were found to be in low concentration and below detection limits. In both lakes, mean mercury levels in lake trout muscle and liver were higher than in round whitefish. Some lake trout in both lakes had muscle or liver mercury levels that exceeded the levels recommended by the Canadian guidelines for chemical contaminants in fish.

Key Project Message

Most metals (e.g. cadmium, cobalt, lead, iron, arsenic) in whitefish and lake trout from two lakes in the Dogrib region surrounding Rae Lakes, Northwest Territories (NWT), were found to be below detection limits and/or in low concentration.
Lake trout had mean mercury (Hg) levels in both muscle and liver that are higher than those found in round whitefish.
Several lake trout had muscle or liver tissue Hg levels that exceeded the levels recommended by the Canadian guidelines for chemical contaminants in fish.

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AANDC

Proactive Disclosure

Abstract of synopsis of research 2000-2001

Table of Contents

Abiotic Monitoring and Modelling

New Persistent Chemicals in the Arctic Environment

Northern Contaminants Air Monitoring and Interpretation

Spatial Trends in Loadings and Historical inputs of Mercury Inferred from Arctic Lake Sediment Cores

The Seasonal Cycle of Organochlorine Concentration in the Canada Basin

Atmospheric Mercury Transport, Oxidation and Fallout in Northern Quebec (Nunavik): an Important Potential Route of Contamination

Mercury Measurements at Amderma, Russia

Mercury Measurements at Alert

Quantifying and Reducing Uncertainty in Model Calculations of Global Pollutant Fate

Biotic Monitoring

Assessment of Organochlorine and Metal Levels in Canadian Arctic Fox

Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns of HCH Isomers in the Arctic Environment

Role of Contaminants in Seaduck Population Decline: Metals in Oldsquaw

Retrospective Survey of Organochlorines and Mercury in Arctic Seabird Eggs

Heavy Metal and Radionuclide Contaminants in Caribou

Spatial and Long-Term Trends in Organic Contaminants and Metals in Fish Species Important to the Commercial, Sports and Domestic Fisheries of Great Slave Lake and the Slave River Ecosystem

An Investigation of Factors Affecting High Mercury Concentrations in Predatory Fish in the Mackenzie River Basin

Mercury in Fish from Stock Surveys of Lakes in the Western Northwest Territories: Investigations into the Factors Affecting Mercury Levels

Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Metals in Landlocked Char

Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Metals in Ringed Seals from the Canadian Arctic

Education and Communication

Inuvialuit Regional Corporation Contaminants Coordinator: A Five-Year Strategy of Communication and Action on Contaminant Issues in the Canadian Arctic

Incorporation of Scientific Knowledge into Inuit Knowledge in Nunavik

Gwich’in Tribal Council Regional Contaminant Coordinator

Communication Through Fabric Art – Bear Comin Undone

Evaluating Contaminants Curriculum Materials

Council of Yukon First Nations – Contaminants Web Site

Frontline Training for Professionals in the Yukon

State of the Environment 2000 – A First Nation Perspective on the Land and Environment for 2000

Avatiptinnit Niqittiavait – Good Food in the Environment

Training and Support for Regional Contaminant Coordinators

Northern Contaminants Poster Contest

Frontline Training Course for Community Representatives in Labrador

Regional Contaminants Coordinator: Labrador Inuit Association

Qikiqtani Inuit Association Regional Contaminant Coordinator: A Five-Year Strategy of Communication and Action on Contaminant Issues in the Canadian Arctic

Eastern Arctic Contaminants Tour II

Kivalliq Inuit Association Regional Contaminants Coordinator: A Five-Year Strategy of Communication and Action on Contaminant Issues in the Canadian Arctic

Human Health

Time-Related Changes in Trans-Nonachlor, Trans-Chlordane and Oxychlordane Levels in Rat Tissues

Dietary Effects on Methylmercury Toxicity in Rats

Estimation of Site-Specific Dietary Exposure to Contaminants in Two Inuit Communities

Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Organochlorines and Mercury on the Immune System of Inuit Infants

Mercury in Salluit: Effects of Mercury on Oxidative Status and Sensorimotor Functions

Sociodemographic Factors Influencing Nutrition and Contaminant Exposure in Nunavik

Spatial and Temporal Trends of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Concentrations in Human Milk from Arctic Canada

Contaminants and Human Health in the Canadian Arctic: an Update

Food Choice Decisions by Western Arctic Aboriginal Women and Children, Year 1

Nutrient Benefits of Arctic Traditional/Country Food

Transplacental Exposure to PCBs and Infant Development/Human Exposure Assessment

Follow-Up of Preschool Age Children Exposed to PCBs and Mercury through Fish and Marine Mammal Consumption.

Inuvik Regional Human Contaminants Monitoring Program: Communication Activities

International Policy and Program Management

Canadian Arctic Indigenous Peoples Against Persistent Organic Pollutants: Support for International Action

Facilitation of International Action Related to Long-Range Transport of Contaminants into the Arctic

Northwest Territories Environmental Contaminants Committee

Nunavut Environmental Contaminants Committee

Yukon Contaminants Committee Communications

Northern Contaminants Interlaboratory Quality Assurance Program for 2000-2001

Local Contaminants Concerns

Heavy Metal Analyses of Wild Edible Mushrooms in the North Great Slave Lake Region, Northwest Territories

Yukon Local Contaminants Concerns

Risk Characterization of Arsenic Exposure from Consumption of Berries in the Akaitcho Territory

1999 Peel River Fish Contaminant Study

Mercury Levels in Fish from Lakes in the Dogrib Region Surrounding Rae Lakes

Quantifying and Reducing Uncertainty in Model
Calculations of Global Pollutant Fate

Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns
of HCH Isomers in the Arctic Environment

Role of Contaminants in Seaduck
Population Decline: Metals in Oldsquaw

Retrospective Survey of Organochlorines
and Mercury in Arctic Seabird Eggs

Inuvialuit Regional Corporation Contaminants Coordinator:
A Five-Year Strategy of Communication and Action on Contaminant Issues in the Canadian Arctic

Time-Related Changes in Trans-Nonachlor, Trans-Chlordane and Oxychlordane Levels in
Rat Tissues

Heavy Metal Analyses of Wild
Edible Mushrooms in the
North Great Slave Lake Region,
Northwest Territories